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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Therapy Interventions for Upper Limb Amputees Undergoing Selective Nerve Transfers
07:59

Therapy Interventions for Upper Limb Amputees Undergoing Selective Nerve Transfers

Published on: October 29, 2021

Sensory feedback for upper limb prostheses.

Steven S Hsiao1, Michael Fettiplace, Bejan Darbandi

  • 1Department of Neuroscience and the Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. steven.hsiao@jhu.edu

Progress in Brain Research
|July 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Providing sensory feedback for upper limb prosthetics involves stimulating neurons in the somatosensory system. Current research shows electrical stimulation in the somatosensory cortex can restore basic tactile perception, but more electrodes are needed for complex sensations.

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07:59

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Published on: October 29, 2021

Fabrication of the Composite Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface (C-RPNI) in the Adult Rat
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Characterization of the Sense of Agency over the Actions of Neural-machine Interface-operated Prostheses
05:21

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Published on: January 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Prosthetics

Background:

  • Restoring sensory feedback in upper limb prosthetics is crucial for natural perception.
  • Direct neural stimulation of the somatosensory system offers a pathway for sensory restoration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the neurophysiological basis of sensory feedback for upper limb prosthetics.
  • To evaluate different neural stimulation approaches for restoring tactile perception from artificial hands.

Main Methods:

  • Discussing available technologies and theoretical considerations for neural stimulation.
  • Analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of stimulating peripheral afferents versus central pathways (spinal cord or somatosensory cortex).
  • Presenting experimental results using electrical stimulation in the primary somatosensory cortex.

Main Results:

  • Electrical stimulation in the primary somatosensory cortex can restore the perception of stimulus intensity.
  • Four electrodes in the primary somatosensory cortex enabled basic intensity perception from a single finger in animal models.
  • More complex tactile perception may require a significantly higher number of electrodes.

Conclusions:

  • Direct neural stimulation, particularly in the somatosensory cortex, holds promise for restoring tactile feedback in upper limb prosthetics.
  • The number and placement of electrodes are critical factors for achieving naturalistic sensory perception.
  • Further research is needed to develop advanced electrode arrays for complex tactile sensations.