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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Screening for thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy: is it worthwhile?

John H Lazarus1

  • 1Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.

Journal of Thyroid Research
|July 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Screening pregnant women for thyroid dysfunction may prevent adverse outcomes, but current evidence does not support universal screening. More research is needed to confirm benefits and guide clinical practice for thyroid hypofunction.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Perinatology

Background:

  • Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy is common and linked to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.
  • Subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity are associated with premature delivery and poor obstetric results.
  • Elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, even within normal ranges, correlate with increased risks of miscarriage and preterm birth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the necessity and benefits of screening for thyroid dysfunction in early pregnancy.
  • To assess the impact of levothyroxine therapy for thyroid hypofunction on maternal and fetal health.
  • To review the current evidence base for universal thyroid function screening in pregnant individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical epidemiological evidence.
  • Analysis of associations between thyroid function, autoimmunity, and obstetric outcomes.
  • Consideration of data from prospective randomized trials, including the CATS study.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy leads to significant adverse maternal (e.g., preeclampsia, hemorrhage) and fetal (e.g., low birth weight, respiratory distress) effects.
  • Subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity show associations with adverse obstetric outcomes, independent of thyroid function.
  • Higher maternal TSH levels within normal ranges are linked to increased risks of miscarriage, fetal distress, and preterm delivery.
  • Limited prospective randomized trials exist, and the CATS study did not demonstrate improved child IQ at age 3 with screening.

Conclusions:

  • While there is a potential case for screening to prevent adverse obstetric outcomes, the current clinical epidemiological evidence does not justify universal screening.
  • Further research and prospective randomized trials are necessary to establish the benefits of screening and potentially alter current recommendations.
  • The evidence base may evolve, potentially supporting broader screening in the future.