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Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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Catalysis01:27

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

A Facile Synthetic Method to Obtain Bismuth Oxyiodide Microspheres Highly Functional for the Photocatalytic Processes of Water Depuration
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A Facile Synthetic Method to Obtain Bismuth Oxyiodide Microspheres Highly Functional for the Photocatalytic Processes of Water Depuration

Published on: March 29, 2019

Bismuth catalysts in aqueous media.

Shū Kobayashi1, Masaharu Ueno, Taku Kitanosono

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. shu_kobayashi@chem.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Topics in Current Chemistry
|July 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Bismuth catalysts are effective in water for organic synthesis. Basic ligands stabilize bismuth Lewis acids for asymmetric catalysis, while bismuth hydroxide catalyzes carbon-carbon bond formation in aqueous media.

Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Organic Synthesis

Background:

  • Increasing demand for water as an organic synthesis solvent.
  • Importance of developing catalysts for aqueous media.
  • Instability of bismuth Lewis acids in water.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Discuss bismuth-catalyzed reactions in aqueous media.
  • Highlight stabilization of bismuth Lewis acids by basic ligands.
  • Showcase bismuth hydroxide's utility in carbon-carbon bond formation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing basic ligands to stabilize bismuth Lewis acids.
  • Employing chiral amine and related ligands for asymmetric catalysis.
  • Investigating bismuth hydroxide as a catalyst in water.

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Main Results:

  • Bismuth-catalyzed reactions proceed effectively in aqueous media.
  • Stabilized bismuth Lewis acids enable asymmetric catalysis in water.
  • Bismuth hydroxide efficiently catalyzes carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions.

Conclusions:

  • Bismuth catalysts offer sustainable solutions for organic synthesis in water.
  • Ligand design is crucial for stabilizing bismuth catalysts in aqueous environments.
  • Bismuth-based catalysts are versatile for various synthetic transformations in water.