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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).

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Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy
10:08

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Published on: October 24, 2017

Sliding over a phase transition.

A Benassi1, A Vanossi, G E Santoro

  • 1CNR-IOM Democritos National Simulation Center, Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy.

Physical Review Letters
|July 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Displacive structural phase transitions significantly impact sliding friction, especially near the critical temperature. Simulations reveal friction peaks at the transition due to order-parameter fluctuations and flips, offering potential for friction control in advanced materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Tribology

Background:

  • Nanoscale friction is crucial for material performance.
  • The influence of displacive structural phase transitions on friction remains largely unexplored.
  • Atomic force microscopy offers potential for studying these effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model and clarify the mechanism of displacive structural phase transitions on sliding friction.
  • To investigate the impact of these transitions on friction behavior.
  • To explore potential applications in friction control.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized model simulations to demonstrate the effects.
  • Analyzed the role of the structural order parameter and critical fluctuations.
  • Investigated friction dependence on temperature and order-parameter orientation.

Main Results:

  • Friction exhibits non-monotonic behavior with temperature, peaking at the critical point (Tc).
  • Critical fluctuations and order-parameter flips significantly influence stick-slip friction.
  • Friction below Tc is higher when slider-induced flips are more probable.

Conclusions:

  • Displacive phase transitions introduce unique friction characteristics.
  • The observed effects are observable and controllable.
  • Potential applications exist for ferro- and antiferrodistortive materials.