Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 30, 2026

Pedicle Screw Placement Using an Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Display in a Porcine Model
Published on: May 24, 2024
In vivo comparison of the accuracy of two electronic apex locators
Luiz F M Silveira1, Fernanda V Petry, Josué Martos
1Department of Semiology and Clinics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil. lfms1960@gmail.com
Abstract:
The aim of this study was to analyse in vivo the accuracy of two apex locators, Root ZX and Novapex, to determine the position of the apical constriction. Twenty-three human single-rooted teeth to be extracted for periodontal reasons constituted the experiment. Endodontic access was obtained and the apical constriction was determined by one of the apex locators after initial crown-down preparation. When the electronic marker indicated that the tip of the endodontic file was at the apical constriction, the teeth were filled with composite and then surgically removed. The presence of the endodontic file tip at the apical constriction was evaluated stereomicroscopically (30×) and confirming radiographs were exposed. The accuracy of Root ZX and Novapex was 91.7% and 81.8% respectively. Within the limits of this study, the evaluated apex locators have a similar clinical performance for the apical constriction location.
Related Concept Videos
Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments
Types of Global Positioning System Surveys
Effects of EDTA on End-Point Detection Methods
In the visual method, metal-ion indicators (metallochromic dyes), which have distinct colors in their free and complex forms, are added to the mixture to signal the titration's end point. They form stable complexes with metal ions, but these complexes are weaker than the corresponding metal–EDTA complexes. As a result, EDTA...
Field Application of Global Positioning System
Design Example: Identifying the Locations of Monuments in the Field Using Global Positioning System Device

