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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
10:19

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Published on: November 10, 2014

Ectopic, submandibular thyroid causing hyperthyroidism.

S U Eli1, C Marnane, R Peter

  • 1Department of ENT, Staffordshire General Hospital, Stafford, UK. saritha.eli@doctors.org.uk

The Journal of Laryngology and Otology
|July 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ectopic thyroid tissue in the neck is rare but can cause hyperthyroidism. Surgical removal of this submandibular mass normalized thyroid function, reducing medication needs.

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
10:19

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Published on: November 10, 2014

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Head and Neck Surgery
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Ectopic thyroid tissue in the submandibular region is an extremely rare clinical presentation.
  • Submandibular masses warrant consideration of ectopic thyroid tissue in the differential diagnosis.

Observation:

  • A case of ectopic thyroid tissue presenting as a submandibular mass in a patient with hyperthyroidism.
  • Literature review on ectopic thyroid tissue was conducted.

Findings:

  • This is the first reported case of ectopic thyroid tissue in the submandibular area causing hyperthyroidism.
  • Surgical excision of the submandibular ectopic thyroid mass led to the normalization of thyroid function.
  • The patient's dosage of antithyroid medication was subsequently reduced.

Implications:

  • Ectopic thyroid tissue should be suspected in patients presenting with submandibular masses.
  • Pre-operative assessment must confirm the presence of normally located thyroid tissue before surgical intervention.
  • Ectopic thyroid tissue is susceptible to the same pathologies as orthotopic thyroid tissue.