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Updated: May 30, 2026

In Vivo Imaging Uncovers the Migratory Behavior of Leukocytes within the Joints
Published on: December 9, 2025
[Interleukins network in rheumatoid arthritis pathophysiology: beyond proinflammatory cytokines]
Silvia Sánchez-Ramón1, Francisco Javier López-Longo, Luis Carreño
1Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España. ssanchez.hgugm@salud.madrid.org
Abstract:
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovitis and progressive destruction of the joint cartilage and underlying bone, together with diverse extra-articular manifestations. Cytokines act as soluble effector mediators of the inflammatory process. Therapeutic neutralization with monoclonal antibodies against the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and interleukin 1 (IL-1) has shown a clear efficacy on inflammation and clinical manifestations of RA, although a percentage of patients do not respond. This review covers new relevant cytokines in the RA physiopathology and potential biomarkers of inflammation. The current challenge is to develop biomarkers that enable an earlier diagnosis, as well as prognostic markers and new therapeutic candidates. Combined administration of several of these cytokines could eventually address a personalized treatment approach for each patient.
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