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Related Concept Videos

Internal Receptors01:31

Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors01:07

Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind intracellular receptors that reside within the cell cytoplasm or nucleus. Many mammalian steroid hormones and nitric oxide (NO) gas use this cell signaling mechanism.
Similar to membrane-bound receptors, the binding of a ligand to the intracellular receptor of causes a conformational change in the...
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Intracellular Hormone Receptors

Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across the plasma and nuclear membrane of target cells to bind to their specific intracellular receptors. These receptors act as transcription factors that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis in the target cell
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...

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Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
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Global identification of androgen response elements.

Charles E Massie1, Ian G Mills

  • 1Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK. cem45@cam.ac.uk

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|July 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) helps study transcriptional regulation by mapping androgen receptor (AR) binding sites. Further ChIP studies are needed to fully characterize AR-regulated gene dynamics and transcriptional networks.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is crucial for studying transcriptional regulation.
  • The androgen receptor (AR) is a key transcription factor involved in various biological processes, including prostate cancer.
  • AR function can be studied using ChIP due to its nature as a ligand-activated transcription factor.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize findings from existing ChIP studies on androgen receptor (AR) binding sites.
  • To highlight the insights gained into AR-mediated transcriptional regulation, cooperating factors, and target genes.
  • To identify future directions for ChIP studies to fully elucidate AR transcriptional dynamics and networks.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies, including ChIP-chip and ChIP-seq.
  • Analysis of data primarily from prostate cancer cell lines.
  • Focus on mapping AR binding sites and identifying associated regulatory elements and factors.

Main Results:

  • Previous ChIP studies have successfully mapped AR binding sites, revealing DNA sequences recognized by AR.
  • These studies identified cooperating transcription factors and thousands of potential AR-regulated genes.
  • Insights into biological processes governed by AR have been provided.

Conclusions:

  • ChIP studies have significantly advanced our understanding of AR's role in transcriptional regulation.
  • Further ChIP investigations are essential to fully characterize the dynamics of AR-regulated transcription.
  • Future research should focus on mapping AR transcriptional complexes and delineating downstream transcriptional networks.