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Related Concept Videos

Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Colloids03:22

Colloids

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
Colloids and Suspensions01:17

Colloids and Suspensions

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures
10:56

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures

Published on: May 20, 2014

Colloid coalescence with focused x rays.

B M Weon1, J T Kim, J H Je

  • 1X-ray Imaging Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Korea. bmweon@hotmail.com

Physical Review Letters
|July 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Focused x-rays enable room-temperature merging of polymer colloidal particles. This photochemical process reduces colloid properties, enabling novel photonic nanofabrication without thermal damage.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures
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Published on: May 20, 2014

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Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids
09:26

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Published on: April 22, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Polymer colloidal particles are essential in various applications.
  • Conventional methods for merging or sintering polymers often require high temperatures, risking thermal damage.
  • Developing low-temperature fabrication techniques is crucial for advanced materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate direct evidence of polymer colloidal particle merging using focused x-rays at room temperature.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanism of x-ray-induced polymer coalescence.
  • To propose a novel method for photonic nanofabrication.

Main Methods:

  • Irradiation of polymer colloidal particles with focused x-rays.
  • Observation and analysis of particle neck bridge growth over time.
  • Characterization of changes in colloid properties (molecular weight, glass transition temperature, surface tension, viscosity).

Main Results:

  • Focused x-rays successfully induced the merging of polymer colloidal particles at room temperature.
  • Photochemical scission of colloids by x-rays was identified as the primary mechanism.
  • X-ray-induced coalescence exhibited characteristics analogous to viscoelastic coalescence.
  • Significant reduction in molecular weight, glass transition temperature, surface tension, and viscosity of colloids was observed.

Conclusions:

  • X-ray photonics provides a viable method for low-temperature polymer sintering and welding.
  • This technique offers a pathway for precise photonic nanofabrication without thermal degradation.
  • The findings open new possibilities for creating complex polymer nanostructures.