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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
Types Of Superconductors01:28

Types Of Superconductors

A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...
Superconductor01:24

Superconductor

A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab01:21

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
 Solutions containing organic solvents, such as low-molecular-mass alcohols, esters, or ketones, enhance absorbances by increasing nebulizer...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.

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Updated: May 30, 2026

Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures
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Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures

Published on: October 9, 2012

A superconducting beta spectrometer.

L D Knutson1, G W Severin, S L Cotter

  • 1The University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|August 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new superconducting beta spectrometer was built, offering 2% momentum resolution and 0.5 sr solid angle. Its performance and calibration results using line sources are detailed.

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Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

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Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
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Published on: December 8, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Spectroscopy
  • Instrumentation

Background:

  • Beta spectroscopy is crucial for nuclear structure studies.
  • High-resolution spectrometers are needed for precise measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and construct a novel superconducting beta spectrometer.
  • To characterize its performance and calibration.

Main Methods:

  • Superconducting magnet design for high field strength.
  • Construction of a beta particle detection system.
  • Calibration using standard gamma-ray emitting line sources.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a momentum resolution of approximately 2%.
  • Obtained a peak solid angle of 0.5 steradians.
  • Demonstrated successful calibration with line sources.

Conclusions:

  • The designed superconducting beta spectrometer meets performance targets.
  • The instrument is suitable for advanced nuclear physics research.