Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Atomic Mass01:52

Atomic Mass

Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which are...
Subatomic Particles03:37

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
Atomic Weight01:25

Atomic Weight

Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass, about 1.67 × 10-24 grams. Scientists arbitrarily define this amount of mass as one atomic mass unit (amu) or one Dalton. Electrons are much smaller in mass than protons, weighing only 9.11 × 10-28 grams, or about 1/1800 of an atomic mass unit. As a result, they do not contribute much to an element's overall atomic mass. This means that, when considering atomic mass, it is customary to ignore the mass of any electrons and calculate the...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Atomic Structure01:17

Atomic Structure

The Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that everything on Earth is made up of tiny particles called atomos, Greek for "indivisible," from which the modern term "atom" is derived. In the 19th century, John Dalton proposed the atomic theory that is still largely correct today. He put forth five postulates to explain how atoms made up the world around us. (1) All matter is composed of infinitely small particles or atoms. (2) All atoms of a given element are identical to one another and (3) are...
Atomic Structure01:33

Atomic Structure

Overview

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same journalSame Topic

Optimization of Pr<sup>3+</sup>-doped glasses for photonic applications: an overview and challenges in Judd-Ofelt analysis.

Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal·2026
Same journal

Moiré Effects in Low-Dimensional Heterostructures: From 2D Materials to 2D-3D Mixed-Dimensional Systems.

Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal·2026
Same journal

Gauge-covariant fractional modeling of dipolar Aharonov-Bohm quantum rings: low-lying spectra, localization, and optical signatures.

Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal·2026
Same journal

Microscopic origins of electron trapping in amorphous silicon nitride (a-Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) and its role in charge-trap flash memory.

Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal·2026
Same journal

A first-principles investigation of altermagnetism in CrSb2 under applied pressure.

Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal·2026
Same journal

Nonperturbative magnetotransport from band geometry in Weyl semimetals.

Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
09:18

Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident

Published on: December 14, 2017

An average atom code for warm matter: application to aluminum and uranium.

Michel Pénicaud1

  • 1Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, DAM-Île de France, BP 12, F-91680 Bruyères le Châtel, France.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|August 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces the Paradisio code for calculating the electron-thermal contribution to equations of state for matter under extreme conditions. It advances beyond Thomas-Fermi models, revealing shell structures and metallic-nonmetallic transitions in materials like aluminum.

More Related Videos

A Novel Technique for Raman Analysis of Highly Radioactive Samples Using Any Standard Micro-Raman Spectrometer
07:52

A Novel Technique for Raman Analysis of Highly Radioactive Samples Using Any Standard Micro-Raman Spectrometer

Published on: April 12, 2017

Comparison of Two Different Synthesis Methods of Single Crystals of Superconducting Uranium Ditelluride
04:51

Comparison of Two Different Synthesis Methods of Single Crystals of Superconducting Uranium Ditelluride

Published on: July 8, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
09:18

Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident

Published on: December 14, 2017

A Novel Technique for Raman Analysis of Highly Radioactive Samples Using Any Standard Micro-Raman Spectrometer
07:52

A Novel Technique for Raman Analysis of Highly Radioactive Samples Using Any Standard Micro-Raman Spectrometer

Published on: April 12, 2017

Comparison of Two Different Synthesis Methods of Single Crystals of Superconducting Uranium Ditelluride
04:51

Comparison of Two Different Synthesis Methods of Single Crystals of Superconducting Uranium Ditelluride

Published on: July 8, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Astrophysics
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Accurate equations of state are crucial for understanding matter under extreme conditions in astrophysics and other sciences.
  • Existing models often simplify the complex behavior of matter at high pressures and temperatures.
  • The electron-thermal contribution is a key component of global equation of state models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and present a novel computational code, Paradisio, for calculating the electron-thermal contribution to equations of state.
  • To employ a relativistic and quantum model of matter, advancing beyond the Thomas-Fermi approximation.
  • To investigate the behavior of matter, including uranium and aluminum, under extreme temperatures and pressures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing an average atom embedded in a jellium code within Liberman's relativistic and quantum model.
  • Developing specific algorithms to handle highly oscillatory free wavefunctions and continuum resonances caused by pressure ionization.
  • Employing massive parallel computing to manage a large number of free wavefunctions at temperatures up to 10^9 K.

Main Results:

  • Generated tables of electron-thermal entropies, enabling derivation of free energies and pressures.
  • Demonstrated the appearance of shell structure on the Hugoniot for aluminum.
  • Observed a first-order metallic-nonmetallic transition in aluminum at low densities and temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • The Paradisio code provides a more accurate representation of matter's equation of state under extreme conditions compared to the Thomas-Fermi approximation.
  • The quantum model reveals previously unobserved phenomena like shell structures and metallic-nonmetallic transitions in materials.
  • The findings have implications for understanding planetary interiors, inertial confinement fusion, and astrophysical phenomena.