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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
Teeth01:15

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...

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Updated: May 30, 2026

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
10:42

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children

Published on: December 31, 2017

Immunological and microbiologic changes during caries development in young children.

T M Parisotto1, W F King, C Duque

  • 1Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil.

Caries Research
|August 9, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Children

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Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries
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Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries

Published on: March 31, 2021

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
10:42

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Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries
08:20

Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries

Published on: March 31, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Dentistry
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Dental caries is a prevalent childhood disease.
  • The transition to mixed dentition involves changes in oral microflora and immune responses.
  • Understanding the interplay between microbial colonization, immunity, and caries development is crucial for prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between caries development, oral microflora, and salivary immune responses in young children.
  • To examine changes in immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels and antibodies to Streptococcus mutans virulence factors during the transition to mixed dentition.
  • To identify immune markers associated with caries risk in children.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study of 40 children aged 3-4 years, with follow-up examinations one year later.
  • Dental examinations to categorize children as caries-free (CF) or caries-active (CA).
  • Analysis of salivary IgA and IgA antibodies to Streptococcus mutans epitopes using Luminex assay.
  • Enumeration of mutans streptococci (MS) and lactobacilli in plaque samples.
  • Multivariate modeling to assess associations between immune markers and caries risk.

Main Results:

  • Caries-active children showed higher levels of MS and lactobacilli at follow-up compared to baseline.
  • Detectable lactobacilli at baseline were associated with significantly higher caries risk.
  • Salivary IgA concentrations and IgA antibody levels to S. mutans virulence factors increased in both groups.
  • Caries-free children exhibited a broader increase in IgA antibody responses to S. mutans peptides.
  • Lower baseline salivary IgA antibody to glucan-binding protein B (GbpB) was linked to increased caries risk.

Conclusions:

  • Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli are associated with caries development in this pediatric population.
  • The secretory immune system matures significantly during early childhood, with increasing IgA production.
  • A broader mucosal IgA immune response to Streptococcus mutans virulence factors may play a protective role against caries.