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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Parallel Processing01:20

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity
06:46

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

Published on: March 18, 2019

The neural basis of centre-surround interactions in visual motion processing.

Christina Moutsiana1, David T Field, John P Harris

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom. c.moutsiana@reading.ac.uk

Plos One
|August 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Visual context influences motion perception. Neural activity in the human middle temporal area (hMT+/V5) and other visual areas shows modulation by surrounding motion, with perception depending on integrated activity across visual cortex.

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Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior
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Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity
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Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior
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Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Published on: April 16, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Contextual modulation significantly impacts the perception of moving visual stimuli.
  • Understanding the neural basis of this modulation is crucial for comprehending visual processing.
  • Previous research suggests specialized roles for different visual areas in motion perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms of contextual modulation in visual motion perception using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  • To determine the relative contributions of specific motion-selective regions, particularly hMT+/V5, versus the integrated activity across visual cortex to motion perception.
  • To explore the role of stimulus-surround separation in modulating neural responses and perceptual outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • fMRI was employed to measure blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals in motion-selective regions of interest (ROIs) in the occipital and parietal lobes.
  • Stimulus configurations involved central motion stimuli and surrounding contextual motion, with and without a spatial gap.
  • The motion aftereffect (MAE) was used as a psychophysical measure of motion perception, with stimulus configurations mirroring fMRI experiments.

Main Results:

  • BOLD signals in most ROIs, except hMT+/V5, showed abolished surround modulation when a gap separated the stimulus and surround.
  • Surround motion that matched the central stimulus direction suppressed BOLD signals, while opposite directions increased them.
  • The MAE was better predicted by BOLD signals in hMT+/V5 alone, but prediction accuracy significantly improved when integrating activity across all studied motion-selective regions.

Conclusions:

  • While hMT+/V5 plays a significant role, visual motion perception is not solely dependent on this area.
  • Perception of visual motion arises from the integration of neural activity across multiple motion-selective areas within the visual cortex.
  • The spatial separation between a stimulus and its context critically influences neural modulation, highlighting the importance of spatial integration in visual processing.