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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
¹H NMR: Pople Notation01:09

¹H NMR: Pople Notation

The Pople nomenclature system classifies spin systems based on the difference between their chemical shifts. Coupled spins are denoted by capital letters with subscripts indicating the number of equivalent nuclei. When the coupled nuclei have well-separated chemical shifts, they are assigned letters that are far apart in the alphabet, such as A and X. When the difference in chemical shifts is small, coupled nuclei are named using adjacent letters of the alphabet (AB, MN, or XY).
A proton...

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Updated: May 29, 2026

Frequency and Distribution of Crossovers in Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis by SNP Genotyping using Real-time PCR
06:18

Frequency and Distribution of Crossovers in Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis by SNP Genotyping using Real-time PCR

Published on: July 11, 2025

Polymorphism in spin-crossover systems.

Jun Tao1, Rong-Jia Wei, Rong-Bin Huang

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China. taojun@xmu.edu.cn

Chemical Society Reviews
|September 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polymorphism significantly impacts spin-crossover (SCO) materials, influencing their properties and potential applications. Understanding different crystal forms is key to controlling SCO behavior for advanced electronic devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Spin-crossover (SCO) materials exhibit drastic changes in magnetic and optical properties due to external stimuli like temperature, pressure, or light.
  • These SCO materials are promising for applications in molecular sensing, switching, data storage, and nanometric electronic devices.
  • Polymorphism, the existence of different crystal forms of the same compound, is common in crystallization and materials synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of polymorphism in spin-crossover systems.
  • To elucidate the relationship between crystal structure and spin transition behavior in SCO compounds.
  • To highlight the importance of studying polymorphism for understanding structure-function relationships in SCO materials.

Main Methods:

  • Critical review of existing literature on polymorphism in SCO systems.
  • Organization of information based on metal ions and compound dimensionality.
  • Analysis of structure-property relationships in SCO materials.

Main Results:

  • Different polymorphs of SCO compounds exhibit distinct properties, behaving as different materials.
  • Polymorphism critically influences the spin transition phenomenon and associated property changes.
  • Understanding polymorphism is essential for tailoring SCO materials for specific applications.

Conclusions:

  • Polymorphism plays a crucial role in the SCO phenomenon, impacting material properties and functionality.
  • Investigating SCO polymorphism aids in understanding the structural factors governing spin transitions.
  • This review provides insights for designing and tuning SCO materials through supramolecular chemistry.