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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Vomiting01:22

Pathophysiology of Vomiting

Vomiting is a complex physiological response to expel harmful or irritating substances from the body. It's a defensive mechanism triggered by stimuli like poisons, microbial toxins, cytotoxic drugs, and mechanical abdominal distension. The process is centrally coordinated by the vomiting (or emetic) center located in the medulla of the brainstem. This area, rich in muscarinic M1, histamine H1, neurokinin 1 (NK1), and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, coordinates the act of vomiting through interaction...
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Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

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Published on: June 2, 2014

Diencephalic and brainstem mechanisms in migraine.

Simon Akerman1, Philip R Holland, Peter J Goadsby

  • 1Headache Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94115, USA.

Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
|September 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Migraine involves complex brain dysfunction, potentially originating in subcortical structures. These areas may modulate pain pathways, explaining migraine symptoms like head pain and sensory sensitivities.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Brain Disorders

Background:

  • Migraine is a prevalent and intricate neurological condition.
  • While head pain is a primary symptom, the underlying neuronal activation mechanisms remain unclear.
  • Emerging evidence suggests dysfunction in subcortical brain structures contributes to migraine pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of subcortical structures in migraine pathophysiology.
  • To investigate how diencephalic and brainstem nuclei dysfunction may lead to migraine symptoms.
  • To provide a comprehensive neurobiological explanation for migraine, including sensory sensitivities.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on migraine neurobiology.
  • Analysis of evidence implicating subcortical structures in migraine.
  • Examination of the trigeminovascular system's role and modulation by brainstem and diencephalic nuclei.

Main Results:

  • Subcortical structures, including diencephalic and brainstem nuclei, are increasingly recognized as potential contributors to migraine.
  • Dysfunction in these nuclei and their connections may disrupt sensory processing.
  • This dysfunction can initiate a cascade leading to characteristic migraine symptoms, such as photophobia and phonophobia.

Conclusions:

  • Migraine pathophysiology likely involves dysfunction of subcortical brain regions.
  • These areas play a crucial role in modulating pain perception and sensory processing.
  • Understanding these neurobiological mechanisms offers a more complete explanation for the complex nature of migraine.