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Other Glycolytic Pathways

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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...

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Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Assaying for Inorganic Polyphosphate in Bacteria

Assaying for Inorganic Polyphosphate in Bacteria

Published on: January 21, 2019

[Progress in polyphosphate and related metabolizing enzymes].

Ting-Yu Shi¹, Huai-Lin Wang, Jian-Ping Xie

¹Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, School of life sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.

Sheng Li Ke Xue Jin Zhan [Progress in Physiology]

|September 22, 2011

Summary

Inorganic polyphosphate (Poly P), found in all organisms, plays crucial roles in DNA uptake, microbial motility, and cellular processes. This summary covers Poly P

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Assaying for Inorganic Polyphosphate in Bacteria

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Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates

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Published on: September 3, 2011

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology

Context:

Inorganic polyphosphate (Poly P) is a ubiquitous biopolymer with diverse biological functions.
Poly P is composed of phosphate residues linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds.

Purpose:

To summarize the fundamental characteristics and biological roles of inorganic polyphosphate (Poly P).
To outline enzymes involved in Poly P metabolism and activity.
To present an analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPX protein homologs.

Summary:

Poly P regulates genes, influences DNA uptake, microbial motility, stress responses, and virulence.
It is implicated in cancer cell proliferation, blood coagulation, calcification, and mitochondrial activity.
Key enzymes like polyphosphate kinase and exopolyphosphatase regulate Poly P levels, while others like NAD kinase utilize it.

Impact:

Provides a comprehensive overview of Poly P's multifaceted roles in biological systems.
Highlights the importance of Poly P in various cellular functions and disease processes.
Offers insights into the biochemical activity of Poly P-related enzymes, including homologs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.