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Intelligence

Intelligence

The term "intelligence" is complex because it refers to both behavior and individuals, and its interpretation varies across cultures. European Americans tend to link intelligence with reasoning and cognitive skills, while in Kenya, it is tied to responsible participation in family and social life. In Uganda, intelligence is seen as the ability to know the right actions and carry them out effectively, while the Iatmul people of Papua New Guinea associate it with the capacity to remember detailed...

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence posits that intelligence is composed of three distinct but interrelated components: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

Multiple Intelligences Theory

Multiple Intelligences Theory

Howard Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligence proposes that there are nine distinct types of intelligence, each reflecting different ways of interacting with the world. Introduced in 1983 and expanded in subsequent years, Gardner's framework challenges the traditional notion of a single, generalized intelligence.

Measures of Intelligence

Measures of Intelligence

Psychologists measure intelligence by using standardized tests that produce a score known as the intelligence quotient or IQ. To understand IQ tests, it's important to recognize the key principles behind their construction: validity, reliability, and standardization.
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it claims to measure. An intelligence test should accurately assess intelligence rather than another characteristic, like anxiety. Criterion validity is one way to evaluate this; it...

Cattell's Theory of Intelligence

Cattell's Theory of Intelligence

Raymond Cattell, along with John Horn, made significant contributions to our understanding of intelligence by distinguishing between two types: fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.
Fluid intelligence involves the capacity to solve new problems and adapt to unfamiliar situations. It's the type of intelligence individuals use when they encounter a novel problem or puzzle that requires innovative thinking. For instance, figuring out how to operate a new gadget relies heavily on fluid...

Environmental Influences on Intelligence

Environmental Influences on Intelligence

Despite the strong genetic influence on traits like intelligence, environmental factors significantly shape outcomes. For example, while over 90% of height variation is due to genetic differences, environmental factors such as nutrition also have a notable impact. Similarly, for intelligence, changes in a child's surroundings can significantly alter their IQ. Research shows that enriched environments boost children's academic success and help them develop key cognitive skills. Children from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Published on: August 9, 2016

Intelligence.

¹Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom. i.deary@ed.ac.uk

Annual Review of Psychology

|September 28, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers a decade of intelligence research, exploring genetic and environmental influences on cognitive abilities and their links to health and education outcomes.

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Neuroscience
Genetics
Social Science

Background:

Individual differences in human intelligence are a significant area of study.
Research in the first decade of the 21st century has significantly advanced our understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of major contributions to intelligence research from 2000-2010.
To discuss the phenotype, causes, and consequences of intelligence differences.

Main Methods:

Survey of major books and research contributions.
Discussion of genetic and environmental factors influencing intelligence.
Examination of the relationship between intelligence and brain differences.

Main Results:

Intelligence differences are linked to health, education, and socioeconomic status.
Research has explored aging, sex differences, and twin studies in relation to intelligence.
Intelligence research is increasingly integrated with neuroscience, health, and social science.

Conclusions:

The first decade of the 21st century saw substantial progress in intelligence research.
Intelligence is a complex trait influenced by genetics and environment, with significant life outcomes.