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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Chemical Synapses01:26

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Neural Circuits01:25

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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

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Related Experiment Video

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Assessment of the Synaptic Interface of Primary Human T Cells from Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissue
06:27

Assessment of the Synaptic Interface of Primary Human T Cells from Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissue

Published on: July 30, 2018

CD4+ T-cell synapses involve multiple distinct stages.

Hironori Ueda1, Mary K Morphew, J Richard McIntosh

  • 1The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5323, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|September 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The study reveals four stages of CD4(+) T-cell immunological synapse formation, involving deep T-cell pseudopodia penetration and dynamic microtubule organization. This process facilitates cytokine secretion, crucial for T-cell function.

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An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics
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An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Assessment of the Synaptic Interface of Primary Human T Cells from Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissue
06:27

Assessment of the Synaptic Interface of Primary Human T Cells from Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissue

Published on: July 30, 2018

Visualization of the Immunological Synapse by Dual Color Time-gated Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Nanoscopy
10:00

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An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics
09:25

An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics

Published on: December 24, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • T-cell recognition involves forming an immunological synapse.
  • Synapse formation correlates with T-cell activity (cytotoxicity or cytokine release/proliferation).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the stages of CD4(+) T-cell immunological synapse formation with B cells and dendritic cells.
  • To investigate the role of cellular structures like centrioles and Golgi complex in synapse dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Electron microscopy and 3D tomography were used.
  • Antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells recognizing B cells and dendritic cells were analyzed at various time points.

Main Results:

  • Identified at least four distinct stages in synapse formation over several hours.
  • Observed invasive T-cell pseudopodia penetrating deeply into antigen-presenting cells.
  • Found centrioles and Golgi complex consistently beneath the synapse, with centrioles shifting towards the contact zone.
  • Documented dynamic, stage-dependent changes in microtubule organization beneath the synapse.

Conclusions:

  • The immunological synapse is critical for facilitating cytokine secretion into the synaptic cleft.
  • Provides insights into the dynamic processes governing T-cell-APC interactions and synapse formation.