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Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

Nose and Nasal Cavity

Nose and Nasal Cavity

The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

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The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
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The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract.

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...

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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
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The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...

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Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

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Animal snoRNAs and scaRNAs with exceptional structures.

Manja Marz¹, Andreas R Gruber, Christian Höner Zu Siederdissen

¹RNA Bioinformatik Gruppe, Institut f¨ur Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps Universit¨at Marburg, Marburg, Germany.

|September 30, 2011

Summary

This study examines unusual small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) that resemble known types but have unique features. Researchers analyzed their genomes and evolutionary paths to understand these diverse non-coding RNAs.

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genomics
Evolutionary Biology

Background:

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are typically categorized into two main classes based on structure and sequence.
Some non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) exhibit characteristics of snoRNAs but deviate significantly from established norms.

Purpose of the Study:

To compile information on exceptional ncRNAs with snoRNA-like features.
To conduct comprehensive homology searches across metazoan genomes for these divergent ncRNAs.
To investigate the evolutionary trajectories and interrelationships of these ncRNA families.

Main Methods:

Systematic homology searches in metazoan genomic data.
Comparative analysis of sequence alignments for ncRNA families.
Phylogenetic reconstruction to infer evolutionary histories.

Main Results:

Identification of a distinct group of ncRNAs sharing partial snoRNA characteristics.
Detailed characterization of sequence variations and structural anomalies in these ncRNAs.
Elucidation of evolutionary relationships among these exceptional ncRNA families.

Conclusions:

These findings highlight the diversity within ncRNA populations beyond the canonical snoRNA classes.
Understanding these exceptional ncRNAs provides insights into RNA evolution and functional adaptation.
The study establishes a foundation for further research into the roles of these unique RNA molecules.