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Polarity of the Cytoskeleton

The intrinsic polarity of cells can be primarily attributed to two factors- i) the asymmetric accumulation of mobile components such are regulatory molecules and subcellular components across the cell and ii) the orientation of polar cytoskeletal filaments that make up the cytoskeletal networks, specifically microfilaments, and microtubules arranged along the axis of polarity. Interactions between the cytoskeletal filaments are crucial for the establishment and maintenance of the polar nature...
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Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular and membrane components, making one side of the cell different from the other. This polarity is essential to many processes such as embryogenesis, axon migration, glucose transport across epithelial cells, and directional cell migration. A migrating cell responds to intracellular or extracellular signals via molecular cascades that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton to establish this polarity. In these cells, the Rho family proteins Cdc42,...
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Rapid and Robust Analysis of Cellular and Molecular Polarization Induced by Chemokine Signaling
10:03

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Published on: December 12, 2014

Cell flow and tissue polarity patterns.

Suzanne Eaton1, Frank Jülicher

  • 1Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|September 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tissue polarity patterns, crucial for structures like hairs and cilia, arise from collective cell organization. Mechanical forces and cell behaviors like divisions and exchanges drive tissue shear, orienting planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Planar tissue polarity is essential in epithelia, guiding the orientation of cellular appendages like hairs and cilia.
  • This polarity emerges from the collective organization of individually polarized cells.
  • Anisotropic protein distributions within the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway reflect these cell and tissue polarities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the control of large-scale tissue polarity patterns.
  • To highlight the influence of active mechanical events on polarity organization during pupal fly wing development.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of mechanical stresses within developing tissues.
  • Observation of oriented cell divisions and cell neighbor exchanges.
  • Investigation of tissue shear dynamics and their impact on polarity orientation.

Main Results:

  • Tissue polarity patterns are shaped by mechanical stresses, oriented cell divisions, and neighbor exchanges, leading to cell flow.
  • Tissue shear is identified as a key factor controlling the orientation of cell polarity.
  • Observed alignment of PCP proteins parallel or perpendicular to tissue axes is a consequence of shear-induced polarity alignment.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanical events and tissue shear play a critical role in establishing large-scale polarity patterns.
  • Shear-induced polarity alignment provides a versatile and robust mechanism for generating tissue polarity.
  • This principle explains the common alignment of PCP pathways relative to tissue axes during development.