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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450 isoenzymes,...
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism

Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...

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Related Experiment Videos

Cytochrome P450 polymorphism and postoperative cognitive dysfunction.

J Steinmetz1, C Jespersgaard, K Dalhoff

  • 1Department of Anesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopedics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. jacobsteinmetz@dadlnet.dk

Minerva Anestesiologica
|October 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic variations in CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 genes do not appear to influence the risk of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) following propofol anesthesia in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) etiology is unclear, with anesthetic drug toxicity a potential factor.
  • Investigating the role of cytochrome P450 gene polymorphisms in POCD after propofol anesthesia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the association between POCD after propofol anesthesia and genetic variations in CYP2C19 and CYP2D6.
  • To determine if specific metabolic phenotypes influence POCD occurrence.

Main Methods:

  • Non-cardiac surgery patients under total intravenous anesthesia with propofol were included.
  • POCD assessed via neuropsychological testing at pre-op, 1 week, and 3 months post-op.
  • Genotyping of CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 alleles performed; patients phenotyped as metabolizers.

Main Results:

  • 337 patients included; POCD observed in 9.4% at 1 week and 7.8% at 3 months.
  • No significant association found between CYP2C19 or CYP2D6 alleles/phenotypes and POCD.
  • Patient age was 67 years median.

Conclusions:

  • CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms do not seem to be related to POCD after propofol anesthesia.
  • Metabolic phenotypes associated with these genes did not correlate with cognitive dysfunction post-surgery.