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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...

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Published on: January 9, 2018

Anti-N-methyl-D encephalitis.

Adil Tumbi1, Amin Gilani, Jonathan R Scarff

  • 1University of Louisville School of Medicine, Psychiatry Department, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.

Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience
|October 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis is a rare autoimmune disorder often linked to ovarian teratomas in young women. Treatment involves addressing the cause and anti-inflammatory therapies, though neurological issues and mortality remain significant concerns.

Keywords:
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitisNMDA antibodiesNMDA receptorsautoimmune disorderlimbic encephalitisparaneoplastic syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a severe autoimmune condition.
  • Often presents as a paraneoplastic syndrome, particularly in young women.
  • Characterized by altered mental status, unusual behavior, and seizures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the key aspects of anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
  • To highlight common etiologies and patient demographics.
  • To outline current treatment strategies and outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentations and diagnostic considerations.
  • Analysis of associated neoplastic and infectious causes.
  • Examination of therapeutic approaches and their efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Ovarian teratomas are a frequent cause, especially in young women (90%).
  • Antibodies targeting NMDAR, often from teratoma cells, damage limbic brain receptors.
  • Treatment includes addressing oncologic/infectious triggers and anti-inflammatory therapies (steroids, plasmapheresis).

Conclusions:

  • Neurological sequelae persist in 75% of patients.
  • Relapse occurs in 20% of cases.
  • The mortality rate is approximately 25%.