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Related Concept Videos

Exocytosis00:50

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, which brings molecules inside the cell. Sometimes, the released materials are signaling molecules. For example, neurons typically use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters. Cells also use exocytosis to insert proteins such as ion channels into their cell membranes, secrete proteins for use in the extracellular matrix, or...
Exocytosis00:51

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Quantifying Spatiotemporal Parameters of Cellular Exocytosis in Micropatterned Cells
10:21

Quantifying Spatiotemporal Parameters of Cellular Exocytosis in Micropatterned Cells

Published on: September 16, 2020

Hydrodynamic flow in a synaptic cleft during exocytosis.

M N Shneider1, R S Gimatdinov, A I Skorinkin

  • 1Applied Physics Group, MAE Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA. shneyder@princeton.edu

European Biophysics Journal : EBJ
|November 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Neurotransmitter release during exocytosis can form a microjet, enhancing transport efficiency. This hydrodynamic flow occurs in both full fusion and kiss-and-run exocytosis, improving neurotransmitter delivery in chemical synapses.

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Quantifying Spatiotemporal Parameters of Cellular Exocytosis in Micropatterned Cells
10:21

Quantifying Spatiotemporal Parameters of Cellular Exocytosis in Micropatterned Cells

Published on: September 16, 2020

Automated Detection and Analysis of Exocytosis
13:28

Automated Detection and Analysis of Exocytosis

Published on: September 11, 2021

Flash-and-Freeze: A Novel Technique to Capture Membrane Dynamics with Electron Microscopy
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Flash-and-Freeze: A Novel Technique to Capture Membrane Dynamics with Electron Microscopy

Published on: May 1, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biophysics
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Exocytosis is the process of neurotransmitter release from vesicles.
  • Vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane is crucial for synaptic transmission.
  • Current models often focus on diffusion for neurotransmitter transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential for microjet formation during synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
  • To model the hydrodynamic flow within the synaptic cleft.
  • To compare the efficiency of microjet-mediated transport with classical diffusion.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a simple hydrodynamic model for viscous, incompressible flow.
  • Analysis of fluid dynamics within the synaptic cleft during exocytosis.
  • Simulation of neurotransmitter transport under different release mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Exocytosis can generate overpressure within vesicles, leading to microjet formation.
  • Microjet formation is observed in both complete fusion and kiss-and-run exocytosis.
  • Hydrodynamic flow via microjets enhances neurotransmitter transport compared to diffusion.

Conclusions:

  • Microjet formation is a potential mechanism accompanying exocytosis in chemical synapses.
  • This hydrodynamic phenomenon improves neurotransmitter transport efficiency.
  • The findings offer new insights into synaptic transmission dynamics.