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Related Concept Videos

Erythropoiesis01:14

Erythropoiesis

Red blood cells  (RBCs) transport oxygen to all body tissues. These cells survive only for 120 days and then need to be replenished. Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC production. In healthy individuals, erythropoiesis ensures all tissues are amply supplied with oxygen. In addition, blood loss due to injury leads to a drop in the physiological oxygen level that will cause erythropoiesis. Any defect in erythropoiesis leads to several physiological disorders, including thalassemia, anemia, and...
Erythropoiesis01:14

Erythropoiesis

Red blood cells  (RBCs) transport oxygen to all body tissues. These cells survive only for 120 days and then need to be replenished. Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC production. In healthy individuals, erythropoiesis ensures all tissues are amply supplied with oxygen. In addition, blood loss due to injury leads to a drop in the physiological oxygen level that will cause erythropoiesis. Any defect in erythropoiesis leads to several physiological disorders, including thalassemia, anemia, and...
Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis01:24

Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis

The cardiovascular system regulates the number of erythrocytes in the bloodstream to ensure optimal oxygen transport. It also prevents over-proliferation of these cells, which helps to maintain blood viscosity and flow rate.
Several factors influence the erythrocyte production rate, with tissue oxygen level being among the most critical. Intense exercise or high altitudes can cause tissue hypoxia, which triggers the kidneys to release more erythropoietin (EPO) into the bloodstream.
EPO then...
Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors01:28

Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors

Hematopoietic growth factors are molecules that regulate the differentiation rate of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Erythropoietin (EPO), primarily produced by the kidneys, plays a crucial role in erythrocyte production. When oxygen levels in the blood are low, EPO is released into the bloodstream, reaching the bone marrow, where it stimulates HSCs to differentiate and mature into erythrocytes, which are vital for oxygen transport.
Thrombopoietin (TPO), mainly released by the liver,...
Disorders of Erythrocytes01:27

Disorders of Erythrocytes

Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
Erythrocyte disorders can be broadly categorized into two main types: anemic and polycythemic conditions.
A low oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to the loss, lower production, or destruction of erythrocytes is termed anemia. Hemorrhagic anemia, for example, occurs when bleeding from an external wound or internal ulcer reduces erythrocyte counts.
On the other...
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure01:17

Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure

Endocrinal or hormonal intervention in the cardiovascular system is predominantly exerted by the catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine, as well as a slew of hormones that interact with renal function to modulate blood volume.
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, catecholamines that enhance and extend the sympathetic or "fight or flight" physiological response. These hormones escalate heart rate and the force of contraction while...

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A Comprehensive Pipeline to Assess the Efficiency of Human Erythropoiesis In Vitro and Ex Vivo
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A Comprehensive Pipeline to Assess the Efficiency of Human Erythropoiesis In Vitro and Ex Vivo

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[Erythropoiesis stimulating agents].

Moritz Hoffmann1, Vedat Schwenger

  • 1Sektion Nephrologie, Medizinisches Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg. moritz.hoffman@med.uni-heidelberg.de

Therapeutische Umschau. Revue Therapeutique
|November 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Erythropoietin therapies, including darbepoetin alfa and CERA, treat anemia but require careful hemoglobin monitoring. Target hemoglobin levels between 10-12 g/dl are recommended to avoid adverse effects.

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Published on: August 5, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Pharmacology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) has been clinically available since the 1990s.
  • Epoetin products vary in production methods but not in efficacy or half-life.
  • Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are crucial in managing anemia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution and clinical application of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.
  • To highlight the development of longer-acting ESAs like darbepoetin alfa and CERA.
  • To define appropriate hemoglobin targets and contraindications for ESA therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on erythropoietin and its analogues.
  • Analysis of clinical guidelines regarding anemia treatment.
  • Comparison of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of different ESAs.

Main Results:

  • Darbepoetin alfa offers an approximately threefold longer half-life compared to conventional epoetins.
  • Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA) achieves a half-life of 130 hours, allowing monthly or bi-monthly administration.
  • Recommended hemoglobin target range is 10-12 g/dl; levels above 13 g/dl are associated with adverse effects.

Conclusions:

  • Modern ESAs provide extended half-lives for improved patient convenience.
  • ESA therapy is indicated for symptomatic anemia, primarily renal and chemotherapy-associated.
  • Maintaining hemoglobin within the recommended range is critical to optimize safety and efficacy.