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Skin Biopsy for Diagnosing Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
Published on: June 10, 2025
Impact of smoking in cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Evan W Piette1, Kristen P Foering, Aileen Y Chang
1Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Objective:
To investigate cigarette smoking in cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE).
Design:
Prospective longitudinal cohort study.
Setting:
Urban cutaneous autoimmune disease clinic.
Participants:
A total of 218 individuals with CLE or systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nonspecific skin disease seen between January 5, 2007, and July 30, 2010.
Main Outcome Measures:
Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI) scores to assess disease severity and response to treatment and Skindex 29+3 scores to assess patient quality of life.
Results:
Current smokers with lupus erythematosus had higher median CLASI scores (9.5) than did never (7.0) and past (6.0) smokers with CLE (P = .02). Current smokers had higher median scores on all the Skindex 29+3 subsets. Current smokers taking hydroxychloroquine sulfate had higher quinacrine hydrochloride use than did nonsmokers (P = .04). Two to 7 months after enrollment, current smokers (median CLASI change, -3) treated with only antimalarial agents improved more than never (1) and past (0) smokers (P = .02). Eight months or more after enrollment, current smokers (CLASI change, 3.5) treated with antimalarial drugs plus at least 1 additional immunomodulator improved less than never (-1.5) and past (0) smokers (P = .04).
Conclusions:
Current smokers with lupus erythematosus had worse disease, had worse quality of life, and were more often treated with a combination of hydroxychloroquine and quinacrine than were nonsmokers. Never and past smokers showed greater improvement when treated with antimalarial agents plus at least 1 additional immunomodulator. Current smokers had greater improvement when treated with antimalarial drugs only.
