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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
The Pauli Exclusion Principle03:06

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...

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Updated: May 27, 2026

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
09:00

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

Bose-Einstein condensates with spin-orbit interaction.

Tin-Lun Ho1, Shizhong Zhang

  • 1Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|November 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored a method for creating gauge fields, applicable to scalar, spin-orbit, and non-Abelian interactions. In the spin-orbit regime, a Bose gas forms a spinor condensate with a stripe structure, controllable via experimental parameters.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
  • Quantum Gases
  • Condensed Matter Theory

Background:

  • Recent experiments by Spielman's group at NIST demonstrate novel ways to manipulate quantum gases.
  • The ability to generate various gauge fields is crucial for exploring exotic quantum phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a general scheme for generating gauge fields across scalar, spin-orbit, and non-Abelian regimes.
  • To analyze the behavior of a Bose gas in the spin-orbit regime under these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical study of a general gauge field generation scheme.
  • Analysis of Bose-Einstein condensate properties in the spin-orbit coupling regime.
  • Investigating the formation of spinor condensates and their density patterns.

Main Results:

  • The proposed scheme can realize scalar, spin-orbit, and non-Abelian gauge fields.
  • In the spin-orbit regime, a Bose gas forms a spinor condensate composed of two non-orthogonal dressed spin states.
  • The condensate density exhibits a stripe structure, with contrast tunable by experimental parameters.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a theoretical framework for generating diverse gauge fields relevant to quantum gas experiments.
  • The predicted stripe structure in spinor condensates offers a measurable signature of the generated spin-orbit interaction.