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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)

Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement for Detecting and Characterizing Self-Associations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
07:24

Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement for Detecting and Characterizing Self-Associations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Published on: September 23, 2021

Electron-mediated nuclear-spin interactions between distant nitrogen-vacancy centers.

A Bermudez1, F Jelezko, M B Plenio

  • 1Institut für Theoretische Physik, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, Universität Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|November 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a method for controlled quantum interactions between nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, even with magnetic noise. This approach uses microwave driving to protect quantum information, enabling solid-state quantum processors.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Solid-State Physics
  • Quantum Computing

Background:

  • Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are promising solid-state qubits.
  • Controlling interactions between distant NV centers is challenging due to environmental magnetic fluctuations.
  • Robust quantum coherent interactions are essential for quantum information processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a scheme for controlled quantum coherent interactions between separated NV centers.
  • To overcome the limitations imposed by strong magnetic field fluctuations.
  • To establish a foundational element for solid-state quantum information processors and simulators.

Main Methods:

  • Coupling nuclear qubits via magnetic dipole-dipole interaction between electron spins.
  • Utilizing strong microwave driving to suppress environmental magnetic field fluctuations.
  • Leveraging the unique properties of NV centers in diamond.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a method for controlled quantum coherent interactions between separated NV centers.
  • Showcased the suppression of environmental magnetic field noise effects through microwave driving.
  • Established a viable pathway for robust quantum information processing in solid-state systems.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed scheme enables controlled quantum coherent interactions between separated NV centers in diamond.
  • The method effectively mitigates the impact of magnetic fluctuations, crucial for quantum stability.
  • This work provides a fundamental building block for future solid-state quantum information processors and quantum simulators.