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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Excitonic Hamiltonians for Calculating Optical Absorption Spectra and Optoelectronic Properties of Molecular Aggregates and Solids
08:04

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Published on: May 27, 2020

Strong coupling effects in binary Yukawa systems.

Gabor J Kalman1, Zoltán Donkó, Peter Hartmann

  • 1Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|November 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We studied acoustic excitations in binary Yukawa systems. The light component governs frequency at weak coupling, while the heavy component dominates at strong coupling, confirmed by simulations.

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Plasma physics
  • Statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Yukawa systems describe interactions in various physical systems, including dusty plasmas and charged particle suspensions.
  • Understanding collective excitations is crucial for characterizing system dynamics and stability.
  • Binary systems with differing component masses introduce complex interaction dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate acoustic collective excitations in 2D and 3D binary Yukawa systems.
  • To theoretically analyze the influence of mass differences on excitation frequencies across different coupling regimes.
  • To validate theoretical predictions through computational simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis using mean-field and correlated limit approximations.
  • Development of a theoretical framework to describe acoustic modes.
  • All-coupling range computer simulations (e.g., molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo).

Main Results:

  • A distinct difference in oscillation frequency dependence was found between weak and strong coupling limits.
  • At weak coupling, the light component's mass dictates the oscillation frequency.
  • At strong coupling, the combined mass, dominated by the heavy component, governs the mode frequency.

Conclusions:

  • The theoretical model accurately captures the behavior of acoustic excitations in binary Yukawa systems.
  • Mass asymmetry significantly influences collective excitation dynamics.
  • Simulations confirm the theoretical predictions across the full coupling spectrum.