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Related Concept Videos

Mnemonic Devices01:23

Mnemonic Devices

Mnemonic devices are cognitive tools that facilitate memory retention by linking new information to familiar patterns or organizational strategies. These techniques are beneficial for remembering complex or lengthy sets of information by simplifying and structuring them in easily retrievable ways.
Acronyms
Acronyms are created by using the initial letters of a series of words to form a new word or phrase. This approach condenses complex information into a single, memorable entity. For example,...
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon01:10

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon is a cognitive experience characterized by a temporary inability to retrieve specific information from memory despite having a strong feeling of knowing the information. Although individuals cannot access the target word or detail, they frequently recall related elements, such as its initial letter, syllable count, or context. This partial retrieval often causes frustration, as one might recognize a familiar face or know that a name starts with a specific...
Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of information more...
Retrieval01:12

Retrieval

Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
Recall involves accessing information without cues, such as during an essay test, where individuals must retrieve facts and concepts from memory unaided. Another example is remembering the name of a colleague...
Explicit Memories01:27

Explicit Memories

Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
Episodic memory contains information about personally experienced events and is reported as a story. An example of episodic memory is recalling a birthday celebration. This type of memory includes the what, where, and when of an event, as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
09:13

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Published on: May 16, 2017

How do I remember that I know you know that I know?

Rachael D Rubin1, Sarah Brown-Schmidt, Melissa C Duff

  • 1Department of Psychology and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. rrubin2@illinois.edu

Psychological Science
|November 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Memory-impaired individuals with hippocampal amnesia can use common ground in conversation if information is readily available. However, declarative memory is crucial for maintaining common ground and resolving linguistic ambiguity.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuropsychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Effective communication relies on shared knowledge, termed common ground.
  • The memory systems supporting common ground formation and utilization remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of declarative memory in forming and using common ground during real-time language comprehension.
  • To examine the impact of memory impairment on common ground maintenance and linguistic ambiguity resolution.

Main Methods:

  • A neuropsychological-psycholinguistic approach was employed.
  • Eye-tracking methodology analyzed participants' real-time language understanding.
  • Participants included individuals with hippocampal amnesia.

Main Results:

  • Amnesic participants successfully used common ground when information was immediately accessible.
  • Significant failures in common ground use occurred when information was not readily available.
  • Subtle deficits in resolving linguistic ambiguity were observed even during successful common ground use.

Conclusions:

  • Declarative memory plays a critical role in maintaining representations of common ground.
  • Declarative memory is essential for basic on-line resolution of linguistic ambiguity.
  • These findings highlight the link between memory function and conversational competence.