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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

Viruses and multiple sclerosis.

Gregory P Owens1, Don Gilden, Mark P Burgoon

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.

The Neuroscientist : a Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry
|December 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) may be caused by a virus. Identifying viral targets using recombinant antibodies from patient samples offers a promising diagnostic approach for this chronic demyelinating disease.

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Rat Model of Widespread Cerebral Cortical Demyelination Induced by an Intracerebral Injection of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

Rat Model of Widespread Cerebral Cortical Demyelination Induced by an Intracerebral Injection of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
09:46

Rat Model of Widespread Cerebral Cortical Demyelination Induced by an Intracerebral Injection of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines

Published on: September 21, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Virology
  • Neuropathology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of unknown cause, potentially linked to viral infections or immunopathology.
  • Epidemiological data and twin studies suggest MS is acquired, not solely genetic.
  • The presence of oligoclonal IgG bands (OCBs) in the central nervous system (CNS) of MS patients strongly indicates an infectious etiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review historical efforts in identifying infectious agents in MS.
  • To explore the potential of using recombinant antibodies from plasma cells to identify disease-relevant antigens in MS.
  • To demonstrate the utility of this strategy by comparing it to successful applications in other CNS disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of past research on infectious agents in MS.
  • Generation and analysis of recombinant antibodies from clonally expanded plasma cells in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • Application of this technique to analyze antigen specificity in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and neuromyelitis optica.

Main Results:

  • OCBs in MS patients are specific and persist, suggesting they target the causative agent.
  • The recombinant antibody strategy has proven effective in identifying specific antigens in other chronic CNS infections and autoimmune diseases.
  • This approach holds promise for pinpointing the infectious agent or relevant antigens in MS.

Conclusions:

  • Identifying the antigenic targets of OCBs is crucial for understanding MS etiology.
  • Recombinant antibody technology provides a powerful tool for discovering disease-relevant antigens in MS.
  • This method could lead to improved diagnostics and targeted therapies for multiple sclerosis.