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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Retroviruses

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Updated: May 26, 2026

Specific Marking of HIV-1 Positive Cells using a Rev-dependent Lentiviral Vector Expressing the Green Fluorescent Protein
09:53

Specific Marking of HIV-1 Positive Cells using a Rev-dependent Lentiviral Vector Expressing the Green Fluorescent Protein

Published on: September 23, 2010

HIV-1 superinfection.

Laura Waters1, Erasmus Smit

  • 1Brighton and Sussex University NHS Trust, Lawson Unit, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, UK. laura.waters@bsuh.nhs.uk

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

HIV-1 superinfection risk varies greatly, with potential for transmission of drug resistance. Patients should be counseled on this risk, especially with ongoing exposure, as it may be clinically significant.

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Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
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Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models

Published on: December 3, 2019

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Specific Marking of HIV-1 Positive Cells using a Rev-dependent Lentiviral Vector Expressing the Green Fluorescent Protein
09:53

Specific Marking of HIV-1 Positive Cells using a Rev-dependent Lentiviral Vector Expressing the Green Fluorescent Protein

Published on: September 23, 2010

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
09:54

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models

Published on: December 3, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • HIV-1 superinfection involves acquiring a new, distinct HIV strain.
  • Understanding superinfection dynamics is crucial for effective HIV management and prevention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the nature and frequency of HIV-1 superinfection.
  • To provide guidance on patient counseling based on national recommendations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on HIV-1 superinfection.
  • Analysis of conflicting findings and methodological variations across studies.

Main Results:

  • Reported incidence of HIV-1 superinfection ranges from 0% to over 18%.
  • Significant challenges exist in comparing studies due to diverse populations and methodologies.
  • Conflicting results highlight the complexity of superinfection epidemiology.

Conclusions:

  • HIV-infected individuals face a risk of superinfection throughout their infection.
  • Superinfection is unlikely to be clinically significant unless drug-resistant strains are transmitted.
  • The risk of superinfection can be comparable to new incident infections when exposure persists.