Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vascular Spasm01:16

Vascular Spasm

3.6K
The vascular phase, also known as vasospasm, is the initial stage of hemostasis, crucial for preventing excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. After a vessel is cut, nerves in the damaged area trigger pain and other sensory impulses. Simultaneously, the smooth muscles in the vessel wall contract, resulting in a vascular spasm. This contraction reduces the vessel's diameter at the injury site, slowing or stopping blood loss through the vessel wall. Vascular spasms typically last...
3.6K
Modified Boxplots00:57

Modified Boxplots

10.9K
A standard box and whisker plot informs us about the spread of the data in a given sample. One can identify the minimum value, maximum value, first quartile value, second quartile or median value, and third quartile.
However, the box plot does not tell the reader about outliers - values that lie far from the center of the data. We can modify the standard box and whisker plot to identify the outliers and visualize the actual spread of the data in a sample.
Initially, we calculate the adjusted...
10.9K
Antiasthma Drugs: Leukotriene Modifiers01:19

Antiasthma Drugs: Leukotriene Modifiers

1.8K
Leukotriene modifiers, or cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists, are medications used to manage chronic asthma. These agents target specific inflammatory mediators produced during arachidonic acid metabolism, an essential process in generating inflammation in the body.
Leukotriene modifiers work through two distinct mechanisms:
1.8K
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

14.8K
Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
14.8K
Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

26.3K
One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
26.3K
Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

53.8K
The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
53.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Human primary skeletal muscle cells express glutamate receptor GluR3, are activated by glutamate, and are affected by autoimmune GluR3B antibodies of epilepsy patients.

Frontiers in physiologyยท2025
Same author

The impact of a pandemic as an example of a stressful event, on anxiety and related emotional disorders of NF1 patients compared to healthy children.

Frontiers in psychiatryยท2025
Same author

Baseline characteristics and predictors for early implantation of vagus nerve stimulation therapy in people with drug-resistant epilepsy: Observations from an international prospective outcomes registry (CORE-VNS).

Epilepsia openยท2024
Same author

High CCL2 Levels Detected in CSF of Patients with Pediatric Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)ยท2023
Same author

Prospective, Cross-Sectional Study Finds No Common Viruses in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children with Pseudotumor Cerebri.

Brain sciencesยท2023
Same author

The Utility of Early Brain MRI for Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Optic Pathway Glioma: A Long-Term Follow-Up in a Tertiary Referral Hospital.

Neuropediatricsยท2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

A Modified Method for Intrathecal Catheterization in Rats
11:15

A Modified Method for Intrathecal Catheterization in Rats

Published on: February 14, 2025

2.9K

[Infantile spasms and modified hypsarrhythmia].

Ayelet Halevy1, Sara Kiviti, Hadassa Goldberg-Stern

  • 1Pediatric Neurology Department, Schneider Children Medical Center, Israel.

Harefuah
|December 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

West syndrome, characterized by infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and developmental arrest, presents diverse causes and prognoses. Early recognition of modified hypsarrhythmia via EEG surveillance is crucial for effective management.

More Related Videos

Measurement of Myocardial Lactate Production for Diagnosis of Coronary Microvascular Spasm
06:18

Measurement of Myocardial Lactate Production for Diagnosis of Coronary Microvascular Spasm

Published on: September 17, 2021

1.9K
Modified Single-Loop Reconstruction for Pancreaticoduodenectomy
13:01

Modified Single-Loop Reconstruction for Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Published on: September 28, 2019

8.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

A Modified Method for Intrathecal Catheterization in Rats
11:15

A Modified Method for Intrathecal Catheterization in Rats

Published on: February 14, 2025

2.9K
Measurement of Myocardial Lactate Production for Diagnosis of Coronary Microvascular Spasm
06:18

Measurement of Myocardial Lactate Production for Diagnosis of Coronary Microvascular Spasm

Published on: September 17, 2021

1.9K
Modified Single-Loop Reconstruction for Pancreaticoduodenectomy
13:01

Modified Single-Loop Reconstruction for Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Published on: September 28, 2019

8.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatric Epilepsy

Context:

  • West syndrome, a significant infantile epileptic encephalopathy, is defined by a triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and psychomotor delay.
  • It represents a common epilepsy syndrome in infancy, affecting 1 in 3200-3500 live births.
  • Despite a clear definition, the syndrome exhibits etiological, clinical, and electrographic heterogeneity.

Purpose:

  • To review the etiologies and prognosis of symptomatic infantile spasms.
  • To present modified hypsarrhythmia as a key diagnostic feature.
  • To highlight the importance of early electroencephalogram (EEG) surveillance for detecting modified hypsarrhythmia.

Summary:

  • West syndrome involves infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and developmental issues, with varied causes and outcomes.
  • This review focuses on symptomatic infantile spasms, modified hypsarrhythmia, and their prognosis.
  • Early detection of modified hypsarrhythmia through EEG monitoring is emphasized.

Impact:

  • Facilitates a better understanding of West syndrome's complexity.
  • Aids in developing more tailored treatment strategies based on etiology and presentation.
  • Emphasizes the critical role of early diagnosis in improving patient outcomes.