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Related Concept Videos

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
Structure of a Gene01:30

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

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Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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Gene-Environment Interactions

Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...

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A Bioinformatics Pipeline for Investigating Molecular Evolution and Gene Expression using RNA-seq
07:09

A Bioinformatics Pipeline for Investigating Molecular Evolution and Gene Expression using RNA-seq

Published on: May 28, 2021

The evolution of gene expression and the transcriptome-phenotype relationship.

Peter W Harrison1, Alison E Wright, Judith E Mank

  • 1University of Oxford, Edward Grey institute, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|January 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Gene expression changes drive adaptive evolution of complex traits. New models are needed to analyze noisy transcriptome data and distinguish neutral from adaptive evolutionary processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Adaptive evolution of complex phenotypes is often driven by changes in gene expression.
  • Comparative transcriptome data enables scanning for adaptive expression changes across species.
  • Current models struggle with transcriptome data complexity and noise, and distinguishing neutral from adaptive expression evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current tools, methods, and models for studying gene expression evolution.
  • To summarize knowledge on the evolution of global gene expression patterns in complex traits.
  • To identify key unanswered questions in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on gene expression evolution.
  • Analysis of comparative transcriptome data methodologies.
  • Discussion of evolutionary models for gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Gene expression evolution is crucial for complex trait adaptation.
  • Significant challenges exist in analyzing noisy transcriptome data.
  • Distinguishing neutral from adaptive expression changes requires sophisticated models.

Conclusions:

  • Further development of sophisticated models is essential for understanding adaptive gene expression evolution.
  • Addressing data complexity and noise is critical for accurate analysis.
  • Future research should focus on resolving the neutral versus adaptive nature of transcriptional differences.