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Related Concept Videos

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

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Updated: May 26, 2026

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
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Published on: May 17, 2014

Deconvoluting mTOR biology.

Jason D Weber1, David H Gutmann

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)
|January 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Targeting mammalian TOR (mTOR), a key regulator of cell growth, requires understanding its complex formation. This review proposes a cell type- and state-dependent model for mTOR regulation to improve therapeutic strategies.

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
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Published on: May 17, 2014

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The mechanistic target of rapamycin (TOR) is a crucial kinase regulating cellular growth and proliferation in metazoans.
  • mTOR functions as a central integrator of extracellular signals, with extensive research elucidating its protein complex composition.
  • Current understanding posits at least two major mTOR complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, distinguished by RAPTOR and RICTOR, respectively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present an alternative perspective on mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex formation and function.
  • To propose a framework viewing mTOR regulation and signal propagation as dependent on cell type and basal state.
  • To facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic strategies targeting mTOR.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on mTOR complex composition and function.
  • Analysis of reported differences in mTOR function across various tissues.
  • Synthesis of information to propose a novel model for mTOR regulation.

Main Results:

  • Identification of numerous co-factors for mTOR complexes beyond RAPTOR and RICTOR.
  • Recognition of incomplete elucidation of the importance of these additional co-factors.
  • Observation of tissue-specific variations in mTOR function.

Conclusions:

  • The prevailing view of mTORC1 and mTORC2 may be an oversimplification.
  • mTOR regulation and signaling are likely influenced by cell-specific and basal conditions.
  • Re-interpreting mTOR biology through this lens could enhance the design of targeted therapies.