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Related Concept Videos

Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemistry01:22

Immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemistry

Immunocytochemistry (ICC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are techniques that use antibodies to check for specific proteins or antigens in a sample. The technique was first published by Albert Coons in 1941 to detect the presence of pneumococcal antigen in tissue sections from mice infected with Pneumococcus. Immunocytochemistry helps localization of proteins or antigens in individual cells like blood cells, stem cells, etc., while immunohistochemistry does the same for tissue samples.
These...

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Immunology for the toxicologic pathologist.

Paul W Snyder1

  • 1Department of Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2027, USA. snyderp@purdue.edu

Toxicologic Pathology
|January 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The immune system defends against pathogens and cancer through complex cellular and molecular interactions. Understanding its basic functions and components is crucial for pathologists to interpret diseases and identify therapeutic targets.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • The immune system is a critical defense mechanism against pathogens and cancer.
  • Immune responses involve intricate interactions between tissues, cells, proteins, and molecular pathways.
  • Dysregulation of immune responses can lead to inflammatory, hypersensitivity, autoimmune, or deficient conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a general overview of basic immunologic responses.
  • To outline the primary components of the immune system.
  • To emphasize the importance of immunologic understanding for pathologists.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes fundamental concepts in immunology.
  • It focuses on the core components and functions of the immune system.
  • No specific experimental methods were employed; it is a review of existing knowledge.

Main Results:

  • The immune system's primary role is protective immunity.
  • Pathologic processes often arise from immune system dysregulation (overactive, misdirected, or deficient).
  • A foundational knowledge of immunology aids in understanding disease pathogenesis and identifying immune targets.

Conclusions:

  • Pathologists require a basic understanding of the immune system for accurate interpretation of disease mechanisms.
  • Knowledge of the immune system is essential for predicting potential therapeutic targets.
  • This review serves as a foundational resource for understanding basic immunologic principles relevant to pathology.