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Related Concept Videos

Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Development of Blood Vessels

The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...
Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...
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Determination

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Updated: May 26, 2026

Derivation of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells from Blastocysts
10:19

Derivation of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells from Blastocysts

Published on: June 8, 2010

Trophoblast development.

Peter L Pfeffer1, David J Pearton

  • 1Reproductive Technologies, AgResearch Crown Research Institute, Hamilton 3204, New Zealand. peter.pfeffer@agresearch.co.nz

Reproduction (Cambridge, England)
|January 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores trophoblast lineage development in mice and cattle, revealing early divergence in differentiation despite distinct implantation strategies. Gene regulatory networks are key to understanding trophoblast ontogeny.

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Derivation of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells from Blastocysts
10:19

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Published on: June 8, 2010

Single Cell Collection of Trophoblast Cells in Peri-implantation Stage Human Embryos
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In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells
08:21

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

Published on: March 16, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Stem cell biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The trophoblast lineage is crucial for placental development and mammalian reproduction.
  • Understanding trophoblast specification, commitment, and maintenance is essential for reproductive success.
  • Comparative studies in different species can illuminate conserved and divergent developmental mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on trophoblast lineage development in mice and cattle.
  • To integrate findings from gene expression, loss-of-function models, and stem cell studies.
  • To propose a model for trophoblast ontogeny based on gene regulatory networks.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of gene expression studies.
  • Analysis of in vivo loss-of-function models.
  • In vitro studies using trophoblast and embryonic stem cells.

Main Results:

  • Trophoblast differentiation pathways differ significantly between mice and cattle.
  • These species-specific differences emerge early in trophoblast development.
  • Gene regulatory networks are proposed to govern trophoblast ontogeny.

Conclusions:

  • Early divergence in trophoblast development underlies species-specific differences in implantation.
  • Gene regulatory networks provide a framework for understanding trophoblast ontogeny.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate conserved and divergent mechanisms in trophoblast development.