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Tolerance of infections.
Janelle S Ayres1, David S Schneider
1Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. jayres@berkeley.edu
Annual Review of Immunology
|January 10, 2012
Summary
Host defense involves resistance and tolerance. Tolerance, a less-studied method, measures how health responds to pathogens and offers new treatment avenues beyond antibiotics and vaccines.
Area of Science:
- Host-pathogen interactions
- Ecology
- Immunology
Background:
- Hosts defend against pathogens via resistance (clearing pathogens) or tolerance (mitigating health impacts).
- Resistance is well-studied, while tolerance is an emerging field in ecology.
- Understanding tolerance is crucial for managing pathogenic, commensal, and mutualistic microbes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically describe host tolerance mechanisms using diverse animal models.
- To highlight the potential of tolerance-based therapies as an alternative to antibiotics and vaccines.
- To provide a quantitative framework for studying host-pathogen dose-response relationships.
Main Methods:
- Defining and quantifying host tolerance based on pathogen dose and health outcomes.
- Reviewing and synthesizing data from various animal systems exhibiting tolerance.
- Analyzing the role of immune response intensity in modulating tolerance.
Main Results:
- Tolerance is a critical, quantifiable host defense mechanism.
- Immune response intensity is a key factor influencing tolerance, with overexuberant responses causing collateral damage.
- Tolerance mechanisms extend beyond immune responses, involving various physiological trade-offs.
Conclusions:
- Tolerance offers a promising avenue for novel infection treatments with different evolutionary pressures on microbes.
- Further research into tolerance will enhance our understanding of host interactions with all types of microbes.
- Tolerance studies provide a foundation for improved strategies in infectious disease management and host-microbe ecology.
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