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Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements.

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Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices
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Inferotemporal cortex subserves three-dimensional structure categorization.

Bram-Ernst Verhoef1, Rufin Vogels, Peter Janssen

  • 1Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, Herestraat 49, Bus 1021, BE 3000 Leuven, Belgium.

Neuron
|January 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists found that stimulating specific neurons in the inferotemporal cortex (IT) influences how monkeys perceive three-dimensional (3D) objects. This suggests IT neurons are crucial for 3D object categorization.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Humans perceive objects in three dimensions (3D), but the underlying brain mechanisms remain unclear.
  • The inferotemporal (IT) cortex in macaques has neurons selectively responsive to 3D structures derived from binocular disparity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal role of the inferotemporal cortex (IT) in the categorization of 3D structures.
  • To determine if stimulating 3D-structure-selective IT neurons affects object perception tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Electrical microstimulation was applied to clusters of 3D-structure-selective neurons in the macaque IT cortex.
  • Monkeys performed a task requiring the categorization of 3D structures during stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Microstimulation of IT clusters biased monkeys towards choosing the preferred 3D structure of the stimulated neurons.
  • Stimulation accelerated choices for the preferred structure and delayed choices for non-preferred structures.

Conclusions:

  • These findings demonstrate that 3D-structure-selective neurons in the IT cortex play a causal role in the categorization of 3D objects.
  • The study provides critical evidence linking specific neural populations in IT to 3D visual perception.