Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 25, 2026

Mixed Reality Assisted Radical Endoscopic Thyroidectomy
Published on: January 31, 2025
Current surgical status of thyroid diseases
Panagiotis Touzopoulos1, Michael Karanikas, Paul Zarogoulidis
1First Surgery Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Alexandroupolis, Greece.
Minimally invasive endoscopic techniques for thyroid surgery are increasingly used to exclude thyroid cancer. This review compares various minimally invasive approaches, detailing their benefits and drawbacks.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Surgical Oncology
Background:
- Thyroid nodules are a common clinical issue, with 5%-15% of patients having thyroid cancer.
- Surgery is recommended for nodules suspicious for malignancy based on fine needle aspiration cytology.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current surgical management of the thyroid gland.
- To compare various minimally invasive surgical techniques for thyroidectomy.
Main Methods:
- Review of current literature on endoscopic and minimally invasive thyroidectomy techniques.
- Comparison of scarless neck approaches including video-assisted, breast, axillary-breast, and robot-assisted methods.
Main Results:
- Minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy has become prevalent.
- Other scarless techniques like breast, axillary-breast, and robot-assisted methods have also been developed.
- All techniques adhere to established surgical and oncological principles.
Conclusions:
- Minimally invasive approaches offer alternatives to traditional thyroidectomy.
- Understanding the benefits and drawbacks of each technique is crucial for patient management.
Related Concept Videos
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction
The Thyroid Gland
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
