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Updated: May 25, 2026

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs
Published on: March 19, 2015
Influenza viruses: from birds to humans
Leslie A Reperant1, Thijs Kuiken, Albert D M E Osterhaus
1Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Abstract:
Avian influenza viruses are the precursors of human influenza A viruses. They may be transmitted directly from avian reservoirs, or infect other mammalian species before subsequent transmission to their human host. So far, avian influenza viruses have caused sporadic-yet increasingly more frequently recognized-cases of infection in humans. They have to adapt to and circulate efficiently in human populations, before they may trigger a worldwide human influenza outbreak or pandemic. Cross-species transmission of avian influenza viruses from their reservoir hosts-wild waterbirds-to terrestrial poultry and to humans is based on different modes of transmission and results in distinctive pathogenetic manifestations, which are reviewed in this paper.
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