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Related Concept Videos

Adherens Junctions01:24

Adherens Junctions

Strong contact points between adjacent cells anchor them to each other, forming tissues. Such anchoring junctions are of two types –  adherens junctions and desmosomes. Adherens junctions are abundant in tissues such as  epithelium and endothelium, forming a continuous zone of adhesion called the adhesion belt. In other tissues, such as  heart muscle, they appear as clusters, linking the cells to produce coordinated heart muscle contraction.
Adherens Junctions are Dynamic
The endothelial cells...
Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...
Laminins are the Adhesive Proteins of Basal Lamina00:55

Laminins are the Adhesive Proteins of Basal Lamina

Laminins are heterotrimeric proteins with high molecular mass found in the extracellular matrix. Each laminin molecule is composed of three chains, viz. alpha, beta, and gamma, coded by five, four, and three paralogous genes, respectively. Laminins are categories based on the compositions of the three chains.
In humans, the five forms of alpha chains are LAMA 1, LAMA 2, LAMA 3, LAMA 4, and LAMA 5. The four forms of beta chains are LAMB 1, LAMB 2, LAMB 3, and LAMB 4. The three forms of gamma...
Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach01:25

Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach

The gastric glands contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) for digestion. The cells secrete HCl because it is highly corrosive and essential for breaking down food. To achieve this, they secrete hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the gastric glands, which combine to form HCl.
Within parietal cells, carbonic acid is first formed through the reaction of water and carbon dioxide. The dissociation of carbonic acid releases bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate...
Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin, triggering...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

In Vitro Assay of Bacterial Adhesion onto Mammalian Epithelial Cells
05:57

In Vitro Assay of Bacterial Adhesion onto Mammalian Epithelial Cells

Published on: May 16, 2011

Lactobacillus adhesion to mucus.

Maxwell L Van Tassell1, Michael J Miller

  • 1Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, 905 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA. vantass2@illinois.edu

Nutrients
|January 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Probiotic Lactobacillus species adhere to gastrointestinal mucus via specific proteins. Understanding these mucus-microbe interactions is key to determining probiotic potential.

Area of Science:

  • Gastrointestinal microbiology
  • Host-microbe interactions
  • Probiotic research

Background:

  • Mucus forms a protective barrier in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Mucin glycoproteins in mucus provide a framework for microbial adhesion.
  • Certain probiotic bacteria, like Lactobacillus species, adhere to mucus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of Lactobacillus adhesion to gastrointestinal mucus.
  • To understand the role of mucus binding proteins in probiotic-host interactions.
  • To evaluate how in vitro models affect the assessment of probiotic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of mucus-microbe interactions.
  • Identification and characterization of mucus binding proteins in Lactobacillus.
Keywords:
adhesionMUC2MucBPbindinglactobacillusmucinmucusprobiotics

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

In Vitro Assay of Bacterial Adhesion onto Mammalian Epithelial Cells
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  • Comparison of adhesion mechanisms across different in vitro models.

    • Main Results:

    • Lactobacillus species utilize various mechanisms to adhere to mucus.
    • Partially characterized mucus binding proteins are involved in this adhesion.
    • The importance of these mechanisms differs depending on the in vitro model used.

    Conclusions:

    • Mucus-microbe interactions are crucial for probiotic adhesion in the host.
    • Understanding adhesion mechanisms is essential for evaluating probiotic efficacy.
    • Further research into mucus binding proteins can elucidate probiotic potential.