Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation01:22

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation

Glutathione, a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, is a critical player in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics via a process known as glutathione conjugation or mercapturic acid formation. This phase II biotransformation reaction involves the covalent binding of glutathione to a drug or its metabolite, enhancing the compound's water solubility and enabling its excretion.
Several distinctive characteristics distinguish glutathione conjugation from other phase II...
Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation01:24

Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation

Glucuronidation, a pivotal phase II biotransformation process, involves the coupling of glucuronic acid to a drug or xenobiotic. Given its widespread occurrence and critical role in drug metabolism, it's considered the most crucial phase II reaction. It enhances the water solubility of substances, aiding their expulsion from the body. The driving force behind these reactions is a group of enzymes known as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGTs facilitate the transfer of a glucuronic acid...
Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme activation, sulfur...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Symptom Networks in Postsurgical Cancer Pain Across Recovery Stages.

Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses·2026
Same author

Effect of nipocalimab on IgG responses to vaccinations and viral infections in patients with IgG autoantibody-mediated diseases: Post hoc analyses of three randomized, placebo-controlled trials.

Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics·2026
Same author

Associations between quantitative sensory tests and measures of pain and function in persons over 45 with meniscal tear.

Osteoarthritis and cartilage·2026
Same author

Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses reveal microbial dysbiosis and bacteria-virus interactions in the lungs of Australian feedlot cattle with bovine respiratory disease.

Veterinary microbiology·2026
Same author

Deciphering the etiology of the 2024 outbreak of undiagnosed febrile illness in Panzi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Nature medicine·2026
Same author

Brain sensory network activity underlies reduced nociceptive initiated and nociplastic pain via acupuncture in fibromyalgia.

Communications medicine·2026
Same journal

Oomycetes Used in Arabidopsis Research.

The arabidopsis book·2020
Same journal

Insights Into the Role of Ubiquitination in Meiosis: Fertility, Adaptation and Plant Breeding.

The arabidopsis book·2019
Same journal

Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation: biology and applications.

The arabidopsis book·2019
Same journal

Using Phenomic Analysis of Photosynthetic Function for Abiotic Stress Response Gene Discovery.

The arabidopsis book·2016
Same journal

Biotrophy at Its Best: Novel Findings and Unsolved Mysteries of the Arabidopsis-Powdery Mildew Pathosystem.

The arabidopsis book·2016
Same journal

2-Hydroxy Acids in Plant Metabolism.

The arabidopsis book·2015
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Spectrophotometric Screening for Potential Inhibitors of Cytosolic Glutathione S-Transferases
14:57

Spectrophotometric Screening for Potential Inhibitors of Cytosolic Glutathione S-Transferases

Published on: October 10, 2020

Glutathione transferases.

David P Dixon, Robert Edwards

    The Arabidopsis Book
    |February 4, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Arabidopsis glutathione transferases (GSTs) are diverse enzymes with unclear natural roles. This review explores their functions beyond xenobiotic detoxification, including secondary metabolism and stress responses.

    More Related Videos

    Rapid Quantification of Oxidized and Reduced Forms of Glutathione Using Ortho -phthalaldehyde in Cultured Mammalian Cells In Vitro
    03:35

    Rapid Quantification of Oxidized and Reduced Forms of Glutathione Using Ortho -phthalaldehyde in Cultured Mammalian Cells In Vitro

    Published on: June 28, 2024

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 25, 2026

    Spectrophotometric Screening for Potential Inhibitors of Cytosolic Glutathione S-Transferases
    14:57

    Spectrophotometric Screening for Potential Inhibitors of Cytosolic Glutathione S-Transferases

    Published on: October 10, 2020

    Rapid Quantification of Oxidized and Reduced Forms of Glutathione Using Ortho -phthalaldehyde in Cultured Mammalian Cells In Vitro
    03:35

    Rapid Quantification of Oxidized and Reduced Forms of Glutathione Using Ortho -phthalaldehyde in Cultured Mammalian Cells In Vitro

    Published on: June 28, 2024

    Area of Science:

    • Plant Biochemistry
    • Molecular Biology
    • Enzymology

    Background:

    • Arabidopsis thaliana possesses 55 glutathione transferase (GST) enzymes, primarily soluble, classified into distinct groups (phi, tau, theta, zeta, lambda, DHAR, TCHQD).
    • Phi and tau classes are frequently identified in proteomic and transcriptomic studies due to stress inducibility.
    • While known for xenobiotic detoxification, the endogenous functions of many GSTs remain elusive.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review and synthesize evidence for the functional roles of Arabidopsis GSTs.
    • To explore potential non-canonical functions of GSTs beyond glutathione transferase activity.
    • To integrate diverse data types, including biochemical, expression, localization, and genomic studies.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review integrating biochemical data.
    • Analysis of proteomic and transcriptomic expression data.
    • Inclusion of subcellular localization studies and functional genomics findings.

    Main Results:

    • GSTs exhibit diverse functions, including roles in defence-related secondary metabolism.
    • Specific classes have proposed roles: DHAR and lambda as reductases, zeta in tyrosine catabolism, theta in lipid detoxification.
    • Evidence suggests many GSTs perform functions not typically associated with glutathione transferase activity.

    Conclusions:

    • Arabidopsis GSTs are a versatile enzyme superfamily with multifaceted biological roles.
    • Understanding these diverse functions is crucial for comprehending plant stress responses and metabolism.
    • Further research integrating various data types is essential to fully elucidate GST functions.