Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development
09:22

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

Published on: February 9, 2015

Pygmalion in the laboratory.

R Allen Gardner1, Matthew H Scheel, Heidi L Shaw

  • 1University of Nevada, Reno, 89557, USA. gardner@unr.edu

The American Journal of Psychology
|February 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Related Concept Videos

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Robert Allen Gardner (1930-2021).

The American psychologist·2022
Same author

Incomparable Methods Vitiate Cross-Species Comparisons.

Psychological science·2016
Same author

More examples of chimpanzees teaching.

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2016
Same author

Reconsidering Food Reward, Brain Stimulation, and Dopamine: Incentives Act Forward.

The American journal of psychology·2016
Same author

Sugar ingestion and dichotic listening: Increased perceptual capacity is more than motivation.

Advances in cognitive psychology·2014
Same author

Longitudinal integration of cultural components into a physician assistant program's clinical year may improve cultural competency.

The journal of physician assistant education : the official journal of the Physician Assistant Education Association·2014
Same journal

Attributing social meaning to animated shapes: A new experimental study of apparent behavior.

The American journal of psychology·2021
Same journal

Scientific Study of Magic: Binet's Pioneering Approach Based on Observations and Chronophotography.

The American journal of psychology·2018
Same journal

Child and Ancient Man: How to Define Their Commonalities and Differences.

The American journal of psychology·2018
Same journal

Adolescent Aggression as Predicted from Parent-Child Relationships and Executive Functions.

The American journal of psychology·2018
Same journal

The Effect of Collective Transitions on the Organization and Contents of Autobiographical Memory: A Transition Theory Perspective.

The American journal of psychology·2018
Same journal

The Development and Validity of a Chinese Version of the Compound Remote Associates Test.

The American journal of psychology·2018
See all related articles

Researchers can unintentionally influence test subjects by leading them to specific answers. This article explains how to design effective blind tests to prevent such experimental errors and ensure accurate results.

Area of Science:

  • Experimental Psychology
  • Animal Behavior Studies
  • Research Methodology

Background:

  • Testers and bystanders can inadvertently lead subjects to answers in laboratory and classroom settings.
  • This subtle influence, known as experimenter bias or leading, can affect both human and animal participants.
  • Many researchers attempt to mitigate this by employing blind testing procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide guidance on designing effective blind tests.
  • To illustrate common methodological errors that lead to confounding results.
  • To help researchers, editors, and readers identify and avoid experimenter bias.

Main Methods:

  • The article outlines principles for designing robust blind tests.
  • It details common pitfalls and errors in experimental design that can introduce bias.

More Related Videos

Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo
11:14

Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo

Published on: February 13, 2009

Effect of Male Accessory Gland Products on Egg Laying in Gastropod Molluscs
15:19

Effect of Male Accessory Gland Products on Egg Laying in Gastropod Molluscs

Published on: June 22, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development
09:22

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

Published on: February 9, 2015

Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo
11:14

Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo

Published on: February 13, 2009

Effect of Male Accessory Gland Products on Egg Laying in Gastropod Molluscs
15:19

Effect of Male Accessory Gland Products on Egg Laying in Gastropod Molluscs

Published on: June 22, 2014

  • Examples of how leading can compromise data integrity are discussed.

    • Main Results:

    • Failure to implement proper blinding can lead to systematic errors in experimental outcomes.
    • Unintentional cues from experimenters can significantly influence subject responses.
    • Confounding results due to leading can have substantial theoretical implications.

    Conclusions:

    • Scrupulous use of blind tests is crucial for maintaining the integrity of experimental research.
    • Awareness and detection of leading are essential for accurate scientific interpretation.
    • Implementing rigorous blinding protocols enhances the reliability and validity of study findings.