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DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

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Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
DNA Replication02:40

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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
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Overview of DNA Repair02:25

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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Overview of DNA Repair02:25

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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Gene-therapy Inspired Polycation Coating for Protection of DNA Origami Nanostructures
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Published on: January 19, 2019

DNA synthesis security.

Ali Nouri1, Christopher F Chyba

  • 1Program on Science and Global Security Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Washington, DC, USA. nouri@princeton.edu

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|February 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic engineering advances can be safeguarded. Automated DNA synthesis screening and nonintrusive DNA sequencing monitoring can prevent the misuse of biotechnology for creating biological weapons.

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Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism
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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Genetic Engineering
  • Biosecurity

Background:

  • Genetic engineering advances raise concerns about the potential for developing biological weapons.
  • Dual-use research in biotechnology presents significant safety and security challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how advances in DNA synthesis and sequencing can be leveraged to create safeguards against the misuse of biotechnology.
  • To propose strategies for mitigating risks associated with dual-use genetic engineering research.

Main Methods:

  • Discussing historical context and current challenges of dual-use biotechnologies.
  • Proposing automated screening for DNA synthesis to block hazardous agent production.
  • Suggesting nonintrusive monitoring of DNA sequencing, particularly in centralized facilities.

Main Results:

  • Automated DNA screening tools can be integrated into DNA synthesizers.
  • Centralized DNA sequencing services offer opportunities for nonintrusive monitoring.
  • Automated surveillance of DNA synthesis and sequencing pipelines can avert risks.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in genetic engineering can paradoxically enable robust biosecurity measures.
  • Implementing automated, nonintrusive safeguards is feasible and crucial for preventing illicit applications of biotechnology.
  • A comprehensive safety and security regime is essential for dual-use genetic engineering research.