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Related Concept Videos

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...
E1 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism02:46

E1 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism

Here, in contrast to the E2 reaction mechanism, we delve into the aspects of the E1 reaction mechanism, which has two steps: rate-limiting loss of the leaving group and abstraction of the beta hydrogen by a weak base. Typically, the experimental proof for the E1 mechanism is via kinetic studies or isotope studies. While the former demonstrates the first-order kinetics—the dependence of the reaction solely on substrate concentration—the latter proves the abstraction of hydrogen only in the...
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions01:20

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
06:46

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Published on: June 21, 2017

(E)-1-(2,4-Dinitro-phen-yl)-2-[1-(4-fluoro-phen-yl)ethyl-idene]hydrazine.

Hoong-Kun Fun, Boonlerd Nilwanna, Suchada Chantrapromma

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |February 21, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details the crystal structure of a novel fluorinated organic compound. Molecular interactions and hydrogen bonding were analyzed, revealing specific intermolecular forces that influence crystal packing and sheet formation.

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    Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
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    Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

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    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
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    Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
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    Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid

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    Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
    07:12

    Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

    Published on: July 17, 2020

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Understanding the crystal structure of novel organic compounds is crucial for predicting their physical and chemical properties.
    • Intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces, dictate crystal packing and material behavior.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(14)H(11)FN(4)O(4).
    • To analyze the molecular arrangement, including planarity, dihedral angles, and hydrogen bonding within the crystal lattice.
    • To investigate the intermolecular interactions responsible for crystal packing and the formation of sheet structures.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
    • Analysis of crystallographic data included assessing molecular planarity, dihedral angles between aromatic rings, and intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
    • Intermolecular interactions, such as C-H···O and C-H···F contacts, were identified and characterized.

    Main Results:

    • The title compound, C(14)H(11)FN(4)O(4), crystallizes with two molecules in the asymmetric unit, both exhibiting near-planar conformations.
    • Intramolecular N-H···O hydrogen bonds form stable S(6) rings within each molecule.
    • Weak C-H···O and C-H···F interactions link the molecules into extended sheets parallel to the (120) plane, with additional short O···C and O···N contacts observed.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of C(14)H(11)FN(4)O(4) is characterized by planar molecular units and specific hydrogen bonding patterns.
    • Intermolecular C-H···O and C-H···F interactions are key in organizing the molecules into layered sheet structures.
    • The detailed crystallographic analysis provides fundamental insights into the solid-state behavior of this fluorinated organic compound.