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Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this information.
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Cognitive Development During Adulthood

Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round end"...
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
09:01

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Verbal to visual code switching improves working memory in older adults: an fMRI study.

Mariko Osaka1, Yuki Otsuka, Naoyuki Osaka

  • 1Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University Osaka, Japan.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|February 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Older adults improved working memory performance with verbal to visual code switching training. This cognitive strategy enhanced recognition accuracy and altered brain activity in key regions like the anterior cingulate cortex.

Keywords:
attention switchingfMRIolder adultsstrategy trainingworking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroscience of Aging

Background:

  • Working memory capacity declines with age.
  • Cognitive training strategies may mitigate age-related memory decline.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of verbal to visual code switching training on working memory in older adults.
  • To explore the neural mechanisms associated with this training using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Main Methods:

  • Participants aged 63+ were divided into a training group and a control group.
  • The training group learned a verbal to visual code switching strategy during working memory tasks.
  • fMRI was used to assess brain activity before and after training.

Main Results:

  • Working memory recognition accuracy improved significantly in the training group only.
  • Post-training fMRI revealed increased activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) for all participants.
  • The training group showed greater activation in the left and right inferior parietal lobules (IPLs) and right superior parietal lobule (SPL) compared to controls.

Conclusions:

  • Verbal to visual code switching training enhances working memory performance in older adults.
  • This strategy is associated with altered neural activity in parietal and cingulate regions.
  • The findings suggest a potential method to support cognitive function in aging populations.