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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Common Respiratory Disorders01:31

Common Respiratory Disorders

Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
Upper respiratory disorders impact the airways above the vocal cords, encompassing areas like the nose, sinuses, and throat. Various conditions fall under this category, including the common cold and allergic rhinitis. These disorders can stem from several causes,...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...

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Generation, Amplification, and Titration of Recombinant Respiratory Syncytial Viruses
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Generation, Amplification, and Titration of Recombinant Respiratory Syncytial Viruses

Published on: April 4, 2019

New respiratory viral infections.

Tuomas Jartti1, Laura Jartti, Olli Ruuskanen

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. tuomas.jartti@utu.fi

Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine
|February 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The discovery of new respiratory viruses has advanced diagnostics, identifying causes of illness in children and adults. Further research is needed to clarify the role of some novel viruses in respiratory diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • The first era of respiratory virus discovery (1933-1965) identified key pathogens like influenza and RSV.
  • Advancements in viral detection technologies in the 1990s enhanced diagnostic capabilities and facilitated new virus discovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical significance of newly discovered respiratory viruses.
  • To highlight the evolution of respiratory virus identification and its impact on diagnostics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of viral discovery and diagnostic advancements.
  • Analysis of clinical significance of identified respiratory viruses.

Main Results:

  • The second era of respiratory virus discovery (since 2001) identified human metapneumovirus, novel coronaviruses (NL63, HKU1), human bocavirus, and new rhinovirus groups (C, D).
  • A viral cause is identified in up to 95% of pediatric respiratory illnesses, decreasing with age to 30-40% in the elderly.

Conclusions:

  • Newly identified viruses contribute to common respiratory illnesses, including bronchitis, bronchiolitis, asthma/COPD exacerbations, and pneumonia.
  • The pathogenic role of certain novel viruses like KI and WU polyomaviruses and torque teno virus remains uncertain.