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Related Concept Videos

Instrument Transformers01:23

Instrument Transformers

Instrument transformers, comprising voltage transformers (VTs) and current transformers (CTs), play crucial roles in power substations by providing isolated replicas of current or voltage for measurement and protection purposes. Voltage transformers reduce the primary voltage to levels suitable for relay operation and measurement, while current transformers scale down the primary current. The primary winding of a current transformer often consists of a single turn, achieved by threading the...
Voltmeter01:18

Voltmeter

A voltmeter is an electrical device that measures the potential difference or voltage between two points. It is connected in parallel with the circuit element it is measuring. A parallel connection is used because elements in parallel experience the same potential difference. The voltmeter is represented by the symbol "V ".
An ideal voltmeter would have infinite resistance, so connecting it between two points in a circuit would not alter any of the currents. Real voltmeters always have finite...
Galvanometer01:24

Galvanometer

Common devices, including car instrument panels, battery chargers, and inexpensive electrical instruments, measure potential difference (voltage), current, or resistance using a d'Arsonval galvanometer. This electromechanical instrument is also known as a moving coil galvanometer.
The galvanometer consists of  two concave-shaped permanent magnets, providing a uniform radial magnetic field in the annular region. In the center, a pivoted coil of fine copper wire is placed in the uniform magnetic...
Potentiometer01:30

Potentiometer

Voltage and current measurements using a standard voltmeter and ammeter alter the circuit being measured either by drawing or resisting the current flow, which introduces uncertainties in the measurements. Null measurements balance the voltages so that no current flows through the measuring device and, therefore, no alterations occur in the measured circuit.
Suppose the emf of a battery needs to be measured. If the battery is directly connected to a standard voltmeter, the measured quantity is...
Ammeter01:11

Ammeter

An ammeter is a current measuring instrument. In the circuit, it is represented by the symbol A. The ammeter is placed in series with the device or component to measure the current. A series connection is used because objects in series have the same current passing through them. If a circuit has multiple resistors and the current needs to be measured in each resistor, the number of ammeters required depends on whether the circuit is in series or parallel.
When an ammeter is used to measure the...
Differential Relays01:20

Differential Relays

Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...

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Updated: May 24, 2026

A Simple Approach to Perform TEER Measurements Using a Self-Made Volt-Amperemeter with Programmable Output Frequency
07:43

A Simple Approach to Perform TEER Measurements Using a Self-Made Volt-Amperemeter with Programmable Output Frequency

Published on: October 5, 2019

Electronic voltage and current transformers testing device.

Feng Pan1, Ruimin Chen, Yong Xiao

  • 1Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Corporation, No. 8 Shuijungang Dongfengdong Road, 510080 Guangzhou, China. pf6601@163.com

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new testing device accurately measures electronic instrument transformers, including electronic voltage and current transformers (EVTs, ECTs). This cost-effective prototype is approved for high-precision, on-site transformer testing.

Keywords:
ECTsEVTsphase errorratio errortesting device

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Metrology
  • Instrumentation

Background:

  • Traditional instrument transformers face limitations in accuracy and dynamic range.
  • The increasing adoption of digital outputs in electronic instrument transformers (EVTs, ECTs) necessitates advanced testing methods.
  • Existing testing protocols may not adequately address the complexities of modern electronic transformers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel testing method for electronic instrument transformers (EVTs, ECTs).
  • To create a cost-effective and accurate testing device prototype for on-site applications.
  • To assess the performance of the developed prototype against established precision standards.

Main Methods:

  • Digital signal processing of secondary output signals from tested and reference transformers.
  • Utilizing a common excitation signal applied to the primaries of both transformers.
  • Performance evaluation conducted at the National Centre for High Voltage Measurement.

Main Results:

  • A functional testing device prototype was successfully developed.
  • The prototype demonstrated high accuracy, achieving approval for precision class up to 0.2.
  • The device is validated for industrial frequencies of 50 Hz and 60 Hz.

Conclusions:

  • The developed testing device offers a viable solution for evaluating electronic instrument transformers.
  • Its high accuracy, simple structure, and low-cost hardware make it suitable for on-site testing.
  • The prototype meets stringent precision requirements for industrial applications.