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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
14:23

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

Published on: August 31, 2014

[HIV controllers: how these patients control viral replication?].

Olivier Lambotte1

  • 1Service de médecine interne et maladies infectieuses, CHU de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.

Medecine Sciences : M/S
|March 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary

HIV controllers maintain undetectable viral loads without treatment, offering insights into functional cures. Their efficient CD8 T cell response is key to controlling HIV replication.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Context:

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection presents a significant global health challenge.
  • Some individuals, termed HIV controllers, naturally suppress viral replication without antiretroviral therapy.
  • This natural control offers a potential model for a functional cure for HIV.

Purpose:

  • To review the immunological mechanisms underlying spontaneous, long-term control of HIV replication in HIV controllers.
  • To discuss findings from the French ANRS cohort of HIV controllers.
  • To explore the role of specific immune responses and host factors in viral suppression.

Summary:

  • HIV controllers exhibit highly efficient and polyfunctional CD8 T cell responses with high avidity against HIV gag proteins.

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Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies

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Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice
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Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

Published on: August 31, 2014

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2r&#947;null (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies
07:10

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies

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Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice
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Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice

Published on: October 6, 2022

  • The study examines the contribution of HLA-B57, which is overrepresented in this cohort.
  • Investigates how controllers without robust CD8 responses achieve viral control and their long-term clinical and immunological evolution.

    • Impact:

    • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective HIV vaccines and therapeutic strategies.
    • Identifying key immune correlates of control can inform the design of novel interventions.
    • Long-term follow-up provides valuable data on the natural history and outcomes of HIV controllers.