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Updated: May 24, 2026

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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Published on: September 8, 2023

Quantum ice: a quantum Monte Carlo study.

Nic Shannon1, Olga Sikora, Frank Pollmann

  • 1H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|March 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum tunneling in spin ice materials can stabilize a unique quantum liquid state. This quantum-ice ground state, with excitations mirroring quantum electrodynamics, can be distinguished from competing squiggle states using neutron scattering.

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Magnetism
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Ice states, characterized by frustrated interactions and macroscopic ground-state degeneracy, are observed in various systems, including water ice, pyrochlore charge order, and spin ice materials.
  • Quantum spin-ice materials are of particular interest due to large quantum fluctuations potentially enabling tunneling between numerous classical ground states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how quantum tunneling affects the degeneracy of spin or charge ice systems.
  • To identify the resulting unique ground state and its excitations.
  • To explore potential experimental methods for distinguishing this state from competing ordered phases.

Main Methods:

  • Zero-temperature quantum Monte Carlo simulations were employed to model the behavior of spin and charge ice.
  • The study analyzed the lifting of ground-state degeneracy due to quantum tunneling.
  • Excitations of the emergent ground state were characterized.

Main Results:

  • Quantum tunneling was shown to lift the degeneracy of spin/charge ice, stabilizing a unique quantum-ice ground state.
  • This quantum-ice state is a quantum liquid with excitations described by the Maxwell action of (3+1)-dimensional quantum electrodynamics.
  • A competing ordered squiggle state was identified, and methods for distinguishing it from the quantum-ice state via neutron scattering were proposed.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum tunneling is a key mechanism for stabilizing novel quantum liquid states in frustrated magnetic and charge systems.
  • The quantum-ice state represents a significant theoretical finding with potential connections to fundamental physics (quantum electrodynamics).
  • Neutron scattering experiments offer a viable route to experimentally verify the existence of quantum-ice and squiggle states in materials.